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考虑下面的访问串: 1、2、3、4、2、1、5、6、2、1、2、3、7、6、3、2、 1、2、3、6 假定有4、5、6三个页块,应用下面的页面替换算法,计算各会出现多少次缺页中断注意,所给定的页块...
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【说明】 该程序运行后输出下面的数字金字塔 1 121 12321 1234321 ..
考虑下面的访问串12342156212376321236假定有456三个页块应用下面的页面替换算法计
观察算式1×3+1=4=222×4+1=9=323×5+1=16=424×6+1=25=521请根据
广度优先遍历的含义是从图中某个顶点v出发在访问了v之后依次访问v的各个未被访问过的邻接点然后分别从
1 2 6 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 6 5 2 3 4
1 6 4 5 2 3
下面的序列中图的序列是
(3, 2, 0, 1, 5)
(6, 3, 3, 2, 2)
(4, 4, 2, 2, 5)
(7, 6, 8, 4, 9, 5)
当执行下面的语句定义一维数组a后此数组的所有元素为inta[10]
a[1],a[2],a[3],a[4],a[5],a[6],a[8],a[9],a[10],a[10]
a[0],a[1],a[2],a[3],a[4],a[5],a[6],a[7],a[8],a[9]
a[0],a[2],a[3],a[4],a[5],a[6],a[7],a[8],a[9],a[10]
a[1],a[2],a [3],a[4],a [5],a [9],a [7],a [8],a [9],a [10],a [11]
设访问串为132412驻留集大小为3按LRU策略控制上述访问串应发生次页故障
某虚拟存储器系统采用页式内存管理使用LRU页面替换算法考虑下面的页面访问地址序列1817827218
4
5
6
7
某虚拟存储器系统采用页式内存管理使用LRu页面替换算法考虑下面的页面访问地址流每次访问在一个时间单位
0%
5%
15%
30%
某虚拟存储系统采用最近使用频率最少的页面淘汰算法计算使用频率的区间为前5次页面访问现有一个访问页面的
14次
11次
12次
13次
执行下面的语句后表达式*p[0]+1+**q+2的值为______inta[]={54321}*p[
8
7
6
5
设某作业占有7个页面如果在主存中只允许装入4个工作页面即工作集为4作 业运行时实际访问页面的顺序是1
依次填入后面的句子.与前文衔接最恰当的是 忽然记起10多年前家门外也曾有过一大株紫藤萝______
(3)(2)(4)(1)(5)
(2)(3)(1)(5)(4)
(3)(2)(5)(4)(1)
(2)(3)(1)(4)(5)
广度优先遍历的含义是从图中某个顶点v出发在访问了v之后依次访问v的各个未被访问过的邻接点然后分别从
1 2 6 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 6 5 2 3 4
1 6 4 5 2 3
广度优先遍历的含义是从图中某个顶点v出发在访问了v之后依次访问v的各个未被访问过的邻接点然后分别从
1 2 6 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 6 5 2 3 4
1 6 4 5 2 3
采用页式内存管理某虚拟存储器使用LRU页面替换算法假定内存容量为4个页面且开始时是空的考虑下面的页面
24
14
16
6
考虑下面的访问串12342156212376321236假定有456三个页块应用下面的页面替换算法计
设某进程的访问串为13124驻留集为3块当访问4号页面时按LRU页面替换算法应淘汰号页面
1
2
3
4
考虑下面的页访问串123421562123763假定物理块数为3若应 用下面的页面替换算法分别会出现
一进程刚获得3个主存块的使用权若该进程访问页面的次序是{1321215123}当采用先进先出调度算法
1
3
4
5
6
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TheaverageAmericandrinksagallonofsodaaweekwhichdeliversroughly1000caloriesandnonutrition.TheaverageAmericanisalsooverweightorobese.Couldchangingoneofthosethingshelpchangetheother Agrowingnumberofofficialsthinksowhichaccountsforaspateofproposednewtaxesonsodaasawaytodiscourageconsumptionwhileatthesametimeraisingmoneytofundotherobesity-fightinginitiatives.Some20statesandcitiesfromNewMexicotoBaltimorecontemplatedsodataxesthisspring. Thereactionagainstthemhasbeenswiftandfierce.InMarchscoresofsoda-companyemployeessportingPepsiCokeand7-UpgearswarmedtheKansasstatesenatetofightaproposalthatwouldhaveaddedapennyintaxforeachteaspoonofsugarinanonjuicedrink.Thatwouldhaveincreasedthepriceofa12-oz.sodabyabout10 andgeneratedsome$90millioninrevenueayear."Ithoughtthisisawisechoice"saysstatesenatorJohnVratilwholikecounterpartsacrossthecountryhasbeenstrugglingtoaddressbotharecession-inducedbudgetgapandrisingpublic-healthcostsstemmingfromobesity.InsteadhegotanearfulabouthowasodataxwouldkilljobsburdenthepoorandconstituteanunwelcomegovernmentintrusionintotheAmericandiet. GovernmentinvolvementinwhatAmericanseatisnothingnew.ButwhytaxsodaandnotsayicecreampizzaorOreos—orforthatmatterthevideogamesthatdiscouragekidsfromgoingoutsidetorunaroundWashingtoncity-councilmemberMaryChehsaysit’sbecausesodaiswherescientistshaveobservedtheclearestlinktoexcesspounds.WhenChehsetouttofundherHealthySchoolsActwhichwouldraisefoodandphysical-educationstandardsatschoolsinD.C.whereabout40%ofkidsareoverweightorobese—shedidn’tknowshe’dwindupgoingaftersoda.Butthedataoverwhelmedher:TheamountofsodathetypicalAmericandrinkshasgrownbyroughly500%overthepast60yearsandofthe250to300caloriesadayAmericanshaveonaverageaddedtotheirdietssincethelate1970snearlyhalfhavecomefromsugareddrinks."Idon’twanttoprescribetaxesforallsortsofdietarychoices"saysCheh"butifweweregoingtoonlytargetonethingtomakeamaterialdifferencesodawouldbeit." Thetougherquestioniswhetherincreasingthepriceofsodawouldinfactreducethenumberofcaloriespeopleconsume.Someresearchindicatestheanswerisyes.Otherresearchleavesroomfordoubt.Thoughstudiesdoshowthata10%increaseinthepriceofsodaleadspeopletopurchaseabout10%lessofitthatdoesn’tnecessarilymeanfolksaren’tmakingupforthosecalorieselsewhere. HowdopeoplefeelaboutsodataxesInApriltheQuinnipiacUniversityPollingInstituteaskedresidentsofNewYorkStateiftheysupportedoropposeda"fattax"onnondietsugaredsoda.Thirty-onepercentwereinfavorand66%wereopposed.Yetwhenaskediftheywouldsupportsuchataxifthemoneyraisedwereusedtofundhealthcarepeoplechangedtheiropinionsdramaticallywith48%infavorandjust49%opposed. AccordingtoParagraph4scientistschosesodafortaxationbecause
在存储管理中采用覆盖与交换技术的目的是
ThisfallthePewResearchCenterinassociationwithTIMEconductedanationwidepollexploringthecontoursofmodernmarriageandthenewAmericanfamily.Andofallthetransformationsourfamilystructureshaveundergoneinthepast50yearsperhapsthemostprofoundisthemarriagedifferentialthathasopenedbetweentherichandthepoor.In1960themedianhouseholdincomeofmarriedadultswas12%higherthanthatofsingleadultsafteradjustingforhouseholdsize.By2008thisgaphadgrownto41%.Inotherwordsthericherandmoreeducatedyouarethemorelikelyyouaretomarryortobemarried—orconverselyifyou’remarriedyou’remorelikelytobewelloff. TobeginthequestionofwhythewealthdisparitybetweenthemarriedandtheunmarriedhasgrownsomuchitmightbeusefultotakealookatthebriefbutillustrativemarriageofgolferGregNormanandtennisstarChrisEvertwhomarriedinJune2008anddivorced15monthslater.Fromallreportstheirunionhadmanyoftheclassichallmarksofmodernpartnerships.Thebrideandgroomhadroughlyequalsuccessintheircareers.Beingwealthysportyandblondtheyhadsimilarinterests. Thisistypicalofthewaymanymarriagesstart.Americansareincreasinglymarryingpeoplewhoareonthesamesocioeconomicandeducationallevel.Sincemorewomenthanmenhavegraduatedfromcollegeforseveraldecadesit’smorelikelythanitusedtobethatamalecollegegraduatewillmeetfallinlovewithwedandsharethesalaryofawomanwithadegree.Women’sadvancesineducationhaveroughlyparalleledthegrowthoftheknowledgeeconomysothesliceofthefamilybaconshebringshomewillbesubstantial. Onthefaceofitthismightexplainwhyfewerpeoplearemarried.Theywanttofinishcollegefirst.In2010themedianageofmengettinghitchedforthefirsttimeis28.2andforwomenit’s26.1.It’sgoneupaboutayeareverydecadesincethe’60s. Buthere’stherub.Inthepasttwodecadespeoplewithonlyahighschooleducationstartedtogetmarriedevenlaterthancollegegraduates.In1990morehigh-school-educatedcouplesthancollegegraduateshadmadeittothealtarbyage30.By2007itwastheotherwayaround.WhathasbroughtabouttheswitchIt’snotanydisparityindesire.AccordingtothePewsurvey46%ofcollegegraduateswanttogetmarriedand44%ofthelesseducateddo. Promisingpubliclytobesomeone’spartnerforlifeusedtobesomethingpeopledidtolaythefoundationoftheirindependentlife.Itwasthedeclarationofadulthood.Nowit’smoreofafinishingtouchthelastbrickintheedificesociologistsbelieve.Marriageisthecapstoneforboththecollege-educatedandthelesswelleducated"saysJohnsHopkins’Cherlin."Thecollege-educatedwaituntilthey’refinishedwiththeireducationandtheircareersarelaunched.Thelesseducatedwaituntiltheyfeelcomfortablefinancially."Butthatcomfortkeepsgettingmoreelusive."Thelossofdecent-payingjobsthatahigh-school-educatedmanorwomancouldgetmakesitdifficultforthemtogetandstaymarried"saysCherlin.Astheknowledgeeconomyhasovertakenthemanufacturingeconomycouplesinwhichbothpartners’jobopportunitiesaredisappearingaredoublydisadvantaged.Sotheywaittogetmarried. WhichofthefollowingphrasesisNOTthesynonymofgetmarried
[A]SharetheResponsibility [B]KeepYourReceipts [C]CutBadHabits [D]BalanceYourCheckbook [E]RemainFlexible [F]PayDownDebt [G]FocusonSavings Youhaveabigexpensecomingup.Youneedabettercarorabiggerhomeoryouwanttogobacktocollege.WhatdoyoudoBorrowborrowborrow——rightWellmaybenot.Ifyou’vecreatedabudgetyouknowexactlyhowmuchmoneyyouhavecominginandhowmuchisgoingout.Youcanmakesomeplansconcerningthatbigexpense.Butifyoudon’thaveabudgetplanyouprobablydon’thaveaverygoodpictureofyourfinancesandyoumaybetemptedtoborrowmoremoneyratherthansqueezingallyoucanfromyourincome.It’sdefinitelybetterinthelongrun——foryouandforyourmoney——tohaveabudget. 41.______ Bynowyou’vesetupyourbudget.Youknowhowmuchmoneyyouhave.Butyoucouldstillusesomehelpstayingonbudget.Herearesometipsthatcanhelpyousticktoyourbudgetandgetaheadonthatmajorpurchase.Determinetheamountofyourbudgetthatyoucanaffordtosaveeachmonth.Haveitdirect-depositedtoyoursavingsaccountortoyourmutualfund.Whereveryoudecidetokeepyoursavingsmakesureyouputmoneyintoiteverymonth.Thatsavingswillmakeabigdifferenceforyoulater. 42.______ Whetherit’salcoholortobaccoifyouusemuchofeitheryouknowhowexpensivebadhabitscanbe.Stopsmokinganddrinkingandputthebeer/cigarettemoneytowardyourotherexpenses.You’llseeyourbillscomedown——andfeelyourhealthimprove——innotime.You’llalsosaveonhealthcareexpensesdowntheroadandyoumaybecomeeligibleforlowerinsurancepremiums. 43.______ Makesureyou’renottheonlymemberofyourhouseholdconcernedaboutyourbudget.Ifyou’reworkinghardtosavemoneybutyourspouseisoutspendingyouintodebtyou’refightingalosingbattle.Sitdowntogetherandmakeaplantodeterminehowmuchspendingmoneyyoushouldeachhave.Thencheckineveryweektoseehowwellyou’redoing.Iftheentirefamilysharestheresponsibilityforthebudgeteveryonecancutbackjustalittleandmakeabigdifference.Onepersonshouldn’thavetoshouldertheentireburdenalone. 44.______ Ifyouhavecreditcarddebtyoumayfeellikeit’sgoingtotakeforevertopayitoff.Butyoucangetaheadbychoosingonecard——ideallytheonewiththehighestinterestrate——andpayingasmuchasyoucanoniteverymonth.Ifyouhaveothercardspaytheminimumbalanceonthoseuntilyou’vepaidoffthefirstcard.Thenchoosethenextcardandpayextraonitwhileyoupayminimumsontheothers.Ifyoupayonlytheminimumsonallyourcardsyou’llbepayingalotmoreininterestthanyoumayrealize. 45.______ Youprobablymonitoredyourexpensesforseveralweekstomakeabudget.Oncethebudgetismadethoughitcanbetemptingtostopkeepingupwitheverylittleexpense.Butkeepingtrackreallycanhelpyousticktoyourbudget.Saveyourreceiptsandwritedowntheplacesyouspendmoney.You’llbelesslikelytooverspendifyourealizehowmuchmoneyhasactuallygonethroughyourhands. 44
下面关于存储管理的叙述中正确的是
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 18
Imagineaworldwhereyourdoctorcouldhelpyouavoidsicknessusingknowledgeofyourgenesaswellashowyouliveyourlife.Orwherehewouldprescribedrugsheknewwouldworkandnothavedebilitatingside-effects. Suchafutureisarrivingfasterthanmostrealise:genetictestsarealreadywidelyusedtoidentifypatientswhowillbehelpedorharmedbycertaindrugs.Andthreeyearsagointhefaceofatorrentofnewscientificdataanumberofnewcompaniessetthemselvesuptointerpretthisinformationforcustomers.ThroughshopfrontsontheinternetanyonecouldorderatestingkitspitintoatubeandsendofftheirDNA—withresultsdownloadedprivatelyathome.Alreadycustomerscanfindouttheirresponsetomanycommonmedicationssuchasantiviralsandblood-thinningagents.Theycanalsoexploretheirgeneticlikelihoodofdevelopingdeep-veinthrombosisskincancerorglaucoma. Theindustryhasbeensubjecttoconflictingcriticisms.Ontheonehanditstandsaccusedofofferinginformationtoodangeroustotrusttoconsumers;ontheotheritischargedwithpeddlingirrelevantmisleadingnonsense.ForsomeraredisorderssuchasHuntington’sandTay-Sachsgeneticinformationisadiagnosis.Butmostdiseasesaremorecomplicatedandinvolveseveralgenesoranenvironmentalcomponentorboth.Someone’schanceofgettingskincancerforexamplewilldependonwhetherheworshipsthesunaswellasonhisgenes. America’sGovernmentAccountabilityOfficeGAOreportalsorevealedwhattheindustryhasopenlyadmittedforyears:thatresultsofdisease-predictiontestsfromdifferentcompaniessometimesconflictwithoneanotherbecausethereisnoindustry-wideagreementonstandardlifetimerisks. GovernmentshatethissortofanarchyandAmerica’sinparticularisconsideringregulation.Butthreethingsargueagainstwholesaleregulation.Firstthelevelofinterferenceneedstobebasedonthelevelofriskatestrepresents.Thegovernmentdoesnotneedtobeinvolvedifsomeonedecidestotracehisancestryordiscoverwhattypeofearwaxhehas.Secondthelawsonfraudshouldbesufficienttodealwiththesnake-oilsalesmenwhopromisetopredictsaywhetherachildmightbeasportingchampion.Andthirdscienceischangingveryfast.Fairlysoonacustomer’swholegenomewillbesequencednotmerelythepartsthoughttobemedicallyrelevantthatthetestingcompaniesnowconcentrateonandhewillthenbeabletocranktheresultsthroughopen-sourceinterpretationsoftwaredownloadablefromanywhereontheplanet.Thatwillcreateproblemsbuttheonlywaytostopthathappeningwouldbetomakeitillegalforsomeonetohavehisgenomesequenced—andnobodyisseriouslysuggestingthatilliberalrestriction. Insteadthenofreactinginahostilefashiontothetrendforpeopletotakegenetictestsgovernmentsshouldbeaskingthemselveshowtheycanmakebestuseofthisnewsourceofinformation.Restrictingaccesstoteststhatinformpeopleaboutbadreactionstodrugscoulddoharm.Therealquestionisnotwhocontrolsaccessbuthowtominimisetherisksandmaximisetherewardsofausefulrevolution. Theauthorseemstosuggestthattherestrictionprohibitingcustomersfromhavingtheirgenomesequencedis
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 20
Therelentlessmarchoftechnologyintoeverydaylifehasalwaysgivenrisetodebateaboutwhetheritisagoodorabadthing.SomebelievethattheInternetandcomputersoftwarearemakinghumansmorestupidorshallow.Butothersarguethatcomputerprogramsintheformofvideogamescanmakepeoplesmarterorimprovespecificskillssuchasspatialawareness. ShawnGreenandAlexandrePougetfromtheUniversityofRochesterinNewYorkstatesetouttofindananswer.TheirstudyreportedinCurrentBiologyinvolvedanumberofexperiments.Inonetheparticipantshadtowatch12dotsmovingrandomlyonascreenandquicklyassesstheiraggregatedirectionofmovement.Anothertestaskedparticipantstoworkoutthedirectionofspecificsoundsembeddedwithinstereowhitenoise.Inbothteststhevideo-garnersdidbetter.Howeverthescientistswereawarethatgamerscouldhavebeenbornwithimprovedabilitiestoperformsuchtaskswhichwerepossiblywhatattractedthemtogaminginthefirstplace.Consequentlyathirdtestwasnecessarytoseeiftheseabilitiescouldhavebeenlearnt. Thenon-gamingvolunteerswereputthrough50hoursofvideo-gametraining.Forsomethisinvolvedplayingfast-actionshoot-em-upgamessuchas"CallofDuty2"and"UnrealTournament"butothersweregivenaslow-movinglife-strategygame"TheSims2".Theresearchersfoundthatthosetrainedwithactiongamesraisedtheirperformancetotheleveloftheexperiencedgarners.MoreovertheyweremoreefficientintheiruseofvisualorauditoryevidencethanthoseplayingwiththeSims. Theresearchersconcludethatfastactionvideo-gamesplayersdevelopanenhancedsensitivitytowhatisgoingonaroundthemandthatthismayhelpwithactivitiessuchasmultitaskingdrivingreadingsmallprintnavigationandkeepingtrackoffriendsorchildreninacrowd.Thepreciseneuralmechanismforthiseffecthoweverisstillunknown. Whatisknownisthatpeoplemakedecisionsbasedonprobabilitiesthatareconstantlybeingcalculatedandrefinedintheirheads—somethingcalled"probabilisticinference".Thebraincollectssmallpiecesofinformationeventuallygatheringenoughtomakeanaccuratedecision.Whendrivingacarforexamplemanyprobabilitieswillbecollatedtomakedecisionssuchaswhetherornottobrake.Themoreefficientsomeoneisatcollectingvisualandauditoryinformationthefasterhecanreachthethresholdneededtomakeadecision. ShawnGreenAlexandrePougetsuggestthatreactiontimesinthepopulationwillprobablyimprovewiththeriseoffast-actionvideo-games.Therearealotofplayers:lastyearareportestimatedthat67%ofAmericanhouseholdscontainedatleastonevideo-gamer.Andifvideo-gamersarereallybetterequippedtomakequickdecisionstheymightalsoturnouttobebetterdriversandendupinfeweraccidents.Howeverthenotionthatgamersacquiresomeminorphysicalskillsmaynotpacifyconcernedparents.Whatafteralloftheskillstheyarenotacquiringwhenshootingvirtualcopsinsteadofreadingortalking Itissuggestedinthelastparagraghthatviedo-gamers’parentswillShawnGreenandAlexandrePouget’sfindings
Imagineaworldwhereyourdoctorcouldhelpyouavoidsicknessusingknowledgeofyourgenesaswellashowyouliveyourlife.Orwherehewouldprescribedrugsheknewwouldworkandnothavedebilitatingside-effects. Suchafutureisarrivingfasterthanmostrealise:genetictestsarealreadywidelyusedtoidentifypatientswhowillbehelpedorharmedbycertaindrugs.Andthreeyearsagointhefaceofatorrentofnewscientificdataanumberofnewcompaniessetthemselvesuptointerpretthisinformationforcustomers.ThroughshopfrontsontheinternetanyonecouldorderatestingkitspitintoatubeandsendofftheirDNA—withresultsdownloadedprivatelyathome.Alreadycustomerscanfindouttheirresponsetomanycommonmedicationssuchasantiviralsandblood-thinningagents.Theycanalsoexploretheirgeneticlikelihoodofdevelopingdeep-veinthrombosisskincancerorglaucoma. Theindustryhasbeensubjecttoconflictingcriticisms.Ontheonehanditstandsaccusedofofferinginformationtoodangeroustotrusttoconsumers;ontheotheritischargedwithpeddlingirrelevantmisleadingnonsense.ForsomeraredisorderssuchasHuntington’sandTay-Sachsgeneticinformationisadiagnosis.Butmostdiseasesaremorecomplicatedandinvolveseveralgenesoranenvironmentalcomponentorboth.Someone’schanceofgettingskincancerforexamplewilldependonwhetherheworshipsthesunaswellasonhisgenes. America’sGovernmentAccountabilityOfficeGAOreportalsorevealedwhattheindustryhasopenlyadmittedforyears:thatresultsofdisease-predictiontestsfromdifferentcompaniessometimesconflictwithoneanotherbecausethereisnoindustry-wideagreementonstandardlifetimerisks. GovernmentshatethissortofanarchyandAmerica’sinparticularisconsideringregulation.Butthreethingsargueagainstwholesaleregulation.Firstthelevelofinterferenceneedstobebasedonthelevelofriskatestrepresents.Thegovernmentdoesnotneedtobeinvolvedifsomeonedecidestotracehisancestryordiscoverwhattypeofearwaxhehas.Secondthelawsonfraudshouldbesufficienttodealwiththesnake-oilsalesmenwhopromisetopredictsaywhetherachildmightbeasportingchampion.Andthirdscienceischangingveryfast.Fairlysoonacustomer’swholegenomewillbesequencednotmerelythepartsthoughttobemedicallyrelevantthatthetestingcompaniesnowconcentrateonandhewillthenbeabletocranktheresultsthroughopen-sourceinterpretationsoftwaredownloadablefromanywhereontheplanet.Thatwillcreateproblemsbuttheonlywaytostopthathappeningwouldbetomakeitillegalforsomeonetohavehisgenomesequenced—andnobodyisseriouslysuggestingthatilliberalrestriction. Insteadthenofreactinginahostilefashiontothetrendforpeopletotakegenetictestsgovernmentsshouldbeaskingthemselveshowtheycanmakebestuseofthisnewsourceofinformation.Restrictingaccesstoteststhatinformpeopleaboutbadreactionstodrugscoulddoharm.Therealquestionisnotwhocontrolsaccessbuthowtominimisetherisksandmaximisetherewardsofausefulrevolution. Accordingtotheauthorwhatshouldthegovernmentdoaboutgenetictest
段页式存储管理中地址映射表是
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 16
设内存的分配情况如图3-19所示若要申请一块40K的内存空间采用最佳适应算法则所得到的分区首址为
Imagineaworldwhereyourdoctorcouldhelpyouavoidsicknessusingknowledgeofyourgenesaswellashowyouliveyourlife.Orwherehewouldprescribedrugsheknewwouldworkandnothavedebilitatingside-effects. Suchafutureisarrivingfasterthanmostrealise:genetictestsarealreadywidelyusedtoidentifypatientswhowillbehelpedorharmedbycertaindrugs.Andthreeyearsagointhefaceofatorrentofnewscientificdataanumberofnewcompaniessetthemselvesuptointerpretthisinformationforcustomers.ThroughshopfrontsontheinternetanyonecouldorderatestingkitspitintoatubeandsendofftheirDNA—withresultsdownloadedprivatelyathome.Alreadycustomerscanfindouttheirresponsetomanycommonmedicationssuchasantiviralsandblood-thinningagents.Theycanalsoexploretheirgeneticlikelihoodofdevelopingdeep-veinthrombosisskincancerorglaucoma. Theindustryhasbeensubjecttoconflictingcriticisms.Ontheonehanditstandsaccusedofofferinginformationtoodangeroustotrusttoconsumers;ontheotheritischargedwithpeddlingirrelevantmisleadingnonsense.ForsomeraredisorderssuchasHuntington’sandTay-Sachsgeneticinformationisadiagnosis.Butmostdiseasesaremorecomplicatedandinvolveseveralgenesoranenvironmentalcomponentorboth.Someone’schanceofgettingskincancerforexamplewilldependonwhetherheworshipsthesunaswellasonhisgenes. America’sGovernmentAccountabilityOfficeGAOreportalsorevealedwhattheindustryhasopenlyadmittedforyears:thatresultsofdisease-predictiontestsfromdifferentcompaniessometimesconflictwithoneanotherbecausethereisnoindustry-wideagreementonstandardlifetimerisks. GovernmentshatethissortofanarchyandAmerica’sinparticularisconsideringregulation.Butthreethingsargueagainstwholesaleregulation.Firstthelevelofinterferenceneedstobebasedonthelevelofriskatestrepresents.Thegovernmentdoesnotneedtobeinvolvedifsomeonedecidestotracehisancestryordiscoverwhattypeofearwaxhehas.Secondthelawsonfraudshouldbesufficienttodealwiththesnake-oilsalesmenwhopromisetopredictsaywhetherachildmightbeasportingchampion.Andthirdscienceischangingveryfast.Fairlysoonacustomer’swholegenomewillbesequencednotmerelythepartsthoughttobemedicallyrelevantthatthetestingcompaniesnowconcentrateonandhewillthenbeabletocranktheresultsthroughopen-sourceinterpretationsoftwaredownloadablefromanywhereontheplanet.Thatwillcreateproblemsbuttheonlywaytostopthathappeningwouldbetomakeitillegalforsomeonetohavehisgenomesequenced—andnobodyisseriouslysuggestingthatilliberalrestriction. Insteadthenofreactinginahostilefashiontothetrendforpeopletotakegenetictestsgovernmentsshouldbeaskingthemselveshowtheycanmakebestuseofthisnewsourceofinformation.Restrictingaccesstoteststhatinformpeopleaboutbadreactionstodrugscoulddoharm.Therealquestionisnotwhocontrolsaccessbuthowtominimisetherisksandmaximisetherewardsofausefulrevolution. Currentgenetictestsareableto
Therelentlessmarchoftechnologyintoeverydaylifehasalwaysgivenrisetodebateaboutwhetheritisagoodorabadthing.SomebelievethattheInternetandcomputersoftwarearemakinghumansmorestupidorshallow.Butothersarguethatcomputerprogramsintheformofvideogamescanmakepeoplesmarterorimprovespecificskillssuchasspatialawareness. ShawnGreenandAlexandrePougetfromtheUniversityofRochesterinNewYorkstatesetouttofindananswer.TheirstudyreportedinCurrentBiologyinvolvedanumberofexperiments.Inonetheparticipantshadtowatch12dotsmovingrandomlyonascreenandquicklyassesstheiraggregatedirectionofmovement.Anothertestaskedparticipantstoworkoutthedirectionofspecificsoundsembeddedwithinstereowhitenoise.Inbothteststhevideo-garnersdidbetter.Howeverthescientistswereawarethatgamerscouldhavebeenbornwithimprovedabilitiestoperformsuchtaskswhichwerepossiblywhatattractedthemtogaminginthefirstplace.Consequentlyathirdtestwasnecessarytoseeiftheseabilitiescouldhavebeenlearnt. Thenon-gamingvolunteerswereputthrough50hoursofvideo-gametraining.Forsomethisinvolvedplayingfast-actionshoot-em-upgamessuchas"CallofDuty2"and"UnrealTournament"butothersweregivenaslow-movinglife-strategygame"TheSims2".Theresearchersfoundthatthosetrainedwithactiongamesraisedtheirperformancetotheleveloftheexperiencedgarners.MoreovertheyweremoreefficientintheiruseofvisualorauditoryevidencethanthoseplayingwiththeSims. Theresearchersconcludethatfastactionvideo-gamesplayersdevelopanenhancedsensitivitytowhatisgoingonaroundthemandthatthismayhelpwithactivitiessuchasmultitaskingdrivingreadingsmallprintnavigationandkeepingtrackoffriendsorchildreninacrowd.Thepreciseneuralmechanismforthiseffecthoweverisstillunknown. Whatisknownisthatpeoplemakedecisionsbasedonprobabilitiesthatareconstantlybeingcalculatedandrefinedintheirheads—somethingcalled"probabilisticinference".Thebraincollectssmallpiecesofinformationeventuallygatheringenoughtomakeanaccuratedecision.Whendrivingacarforexamplemanyprobabilitieswillbecollatedtomakedecisionssuchaswhetherornottobrake.Themoreefficientsomeoneisatcollectingvisualandauditoryinformationthefasterhecanreachthethresholdneededtomakeadecision. ShawnGreenAlexandrePougetsuggestthatreactiontimesinthepopulationwillprobablyimprovewiththeriseoffast-actionvideo-games.Therearealotofplayers:lastyearareportestimatedthat67%ofAmericanhouseholdscontainedatleastonevideo-gamer.Andifvideo-gamersarereallybetterequippedtomakequickdecisionstheymightalsoturnouttobebetterdriversandendupinfeweraccidents.Howeverthenotionthatgamersacquiresomeminorphysicalskillsmaynotpacifyconcernedparents.Whatafteralloftheskillstheyarenotacquiringwhenshootingvirtualcopsinsteadofreadingortalking Theconclusiondrawnbyresearchersisthat
TheaverageAmericandrinksagallonofsodaaweekwhichdeliversroughly1000caloriesandnonutrition.TheaverageAmericanisalsooverweightorobese.Couldchangingoneofthosethingshelpchangetheother Agrowingnumberofofficialsthinksowhichaccountsforaspateofproposednewtaxesonsodaasawaytodiscourageconsumptionwhileatthesametimeraisingmoneytofundotherobesity-fightinginitiatives.Some20statesandcitiesfromNewMexicotoBaltimorecontemplatedsodataxesthisspring. Thereactionagainstthemhasbeenswiftandfierce.InMarchscoresofsoda-companyemployeessportingPepsiCokeand7-UpgearswarmedtheKansasstatesenatetofightaproposalthatwouldhaveaddedapennyintaxforeachteaspoonofsugarinanonjuicedrink.Thatwouldhaveincreasedthepriceofa12-oz.sodabyabout10 andgeneratedsome$90millioninrevenueayear."Ithoughtthisisawisechoice"saysstatesenatorJohnVratilwholikecounterpartsacrossthecountryhasbeenstrugglingtoaddressbotharecession-inducedbudgetgapandrisingpublic-healthcostsstemmingfromobesity.InsteadhegotanearfulabouthowasodataxwouldkilljobsburdenthepoorandconstituteanunwelcomegovernmentintrusionintotheAmericandiet. GovernmentinvolvementinwhatAmericanseatisnothingnew.ButwhytaxsodaandnotsayicecreampizzaorOreos—orforthatmatterthevideogamesthatdiscouragekidsfromgoingoutsidetorunaroundWashingtoncity-councilmemberMaryChehsaysit’sbecausesodaiswherescientistshaveobservedtheclearestlinktoexcesspounds.WhenChehsetouttofundherHealthySchoolsActwhichwouldraisefoodandphysical-educationstandardsatschoolsinD.C.whereabout40%ofkidsareoverweightorobese—shedidn’tknowshe’dwindupgoingaftersoda.Butthedataoverwhelmedher:TheamountofsodathetypicalAmericandrinkshasgrownbyroughly500%overthepast60yearsandofthe250to300caloriesadayAmericanshaveonaverageaddedtotheirdietssincethelate1970snearlyhalfhavecomefromsugareddrinks."Idon’twanttoprescribetaxesforallsortsofdietarychoices"saysCheh"butifweweregoingtoonlytargetonethingtomakeamaterialdifferencesodawouldbeit." Thetougherquestioniswhetherincreasingthepriceofsodawouldinfactreducethenumberofcaloriespeopleconsume.Someresearchindicatestheanswerisyes.Otherresearchleavesroomfordoubt.Thoughstudiesdoshowthata10%increaseinthepriceofsodaleadspeopletopurchaseabout10%lessofitthatdoesn’tnecessarilymeanfolksaren’tmakingupforthosecalorieselsewhere. HowdopeoplefeelaboutsodataxesInApriltheQuinnipiacUniversityPollingInstituteaskedresidentsofNewYorkStateiftheysupportedoropposeda"fattax"onnondietsugaredsoda.Thirty-onepercentwereinfavorand66%wereopposed.Yetwhenaskediftheywouldsupportsuchataxifthemoneyraisedwereusedtofundhealthcarepeoplechangedtheiropinionsdramaticallywith48%infavorandjust49%opposed. Accordingtothepollinthelastparagraphcitizens’attitudetowardsodataxis
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 8
TheaverageAmericandrinksagallonofsodaaweekwhichdeliversroughly1000caloriesandnonutrition.TheaverageAmericanisalsooverweightorobese.Couldchangingoneofthosethingshelpchangetheother Agrowingnumberofofficialsthinksowhichaccountsforaspateofproposednewtaxesonsodaasawaytodiscourageconsumptionwhileatthesametimeraisingmoneytofundotherobesity-fightinginitiatives.Some20statesandcitiesfromNewMexicotoBaltimorecontemplatedsodataxesthisspring. Thereactionagainstthemhasbeenswiftandfierce.InMarchscoresofsoda-companyemployeessportingPepsiCokeand7-UpgearswarmedtheKansasstatesenatetofightaproposalthatwouldhaveaddedapennyintaxforeachteaspoonofsugarinanonjuicedrink.Thatwouldhaveincreasedthepriceofa12-oz.sodabyabout10 andgeneratedsome$90millioninrevenueayear."Ithoughtthisisawisechoice"saysstatesenatorJohnVratilwholikecounterpartsacrossthecountryhasbeenstrugglingtoaddressbotharecession-inducedbudgetgapandrisingpublic-healthcostsstemmingfromobesity.InsteadhegotanearfulabouthowasodataxwouldkilljobsburdenthepoorandconstituteanunwelcomegovernmentintrusionintotheAmericandiet. GovernmentinvolvementinwhatAmericanseatisnothingnew.ButwhytaxsodaandnotsayicecreampizzaorOreos—orforthatmatterthevideogamesthatdiscouragekidsfromgoingoutsidetorunaroundWashingtoncity-councilmemberMaryChehsaysit’sbecausesodaiswherescientistshaveobservedtheclearestlinktoexcesspounds.WhenChehsetouttofundherHealthySchoolsActwhichwouldraisefoodandphysical-educationstandardsatschoolsinD.C.whereabout40%ofkidsareoverweightorobese—shedidn’tknowshe’dwindupgoingaftersoda.Butthedataoverwhelmedher:TheamountofsodathetypicalAmericandrinkshasgrownbyroughly500%overthepast60yearsandofthe250to300caloriesadayAmericanshaveonaverageaddedtotheirdietssincethelate1970snearlyhalfhavecomefromsugareddrinks."Idon’twanttoprescribetaxesforallsortsofdietarychoices"saysCheh"butifweweregoingtoonlytargetonethingtomakeamaterialdifferencesodawouldbeit." Thetougherquestioniswhetherincreasingthepriceofsodawouldinfactreducethenumberofcaloriespeopleconsume.Someresearchindicatestheanswerisyes.Otherresearchleavesroomfordoubt.Thoughstudiesdoshowthata10%increaseinthepriceofsodaleadspeopletopurchaseabout10%lessofitthatdoesn’tnecessarilymeanfolksaren’tmakingupforthosecalorieselsewhere. HowdopeoplefeelaboutsodataxesInApriltheQuinnipiacUniversityPollingInstituteaskedresidentsofNewYorkStateiftheysupportedoropposeda"fattax"onnondietsugaredsoda.Thirty-onepercentwereinfavorand66%wereopposed.Yetwhenaskediftheywouldsupportsuchataxifthemoneyraisedwereusedtofundhealthcarepeoplechangedtheiropinionsdramaticallywith48%infavorandjust49%opposed. TheofficialsproposednewtaxesonsodaforallthesepurposesExcept
ThisfallthePewResearchCenterinassociationwithTIMEconductedanationwidepollexploringthecontoursofmodernmarriageandthenewAmericanfamily.Andofallthetransformationsourfamilystructureshaveundergoneinthepast50yearsperhapsthemostprofoundisthemarriagedifferentialthathasopenedbetweentherichandthepoor.In1960themedianhouseholdincomeofmarriedadultswas12%higherthanthatofsingleadultsafteradjustingforhouseholdsize.By2008thisgaphadgrownto41%.Inotherwordsthericherandmoreeducatedyouarethemorelikelyyouaretomarryortobemarried—orconverselyifyou’remarriedyou’remorelikelytobewelloff. TobeginthequestionofwhythewealthdisparitybetweenthemarriedandtheunmarriedhasgrownsomuchitmightbeusefultotakealookatthebriefbutillustrativemarriageofgolferGregNormanandtennisstarChrisEvertwhomarriedinJune2008anddivorced15monthslater.Fromallreportstheirunionhadmanyoftheclassichallmarksofmodernpartnerships.Thebrideandgroomhadroughlyequalsuccessintheircareers.Beingwealthysportyandblondtheyhadsimilarinterests. Thisistypicalofthewaymanymarriagesstart.Americansareincreasinglymarryingpeoplewhoareonthesamesocioeconomicandeducationallevel.Sincemorewomenthanmenhavegraduatedfromcollegeforseveraldecadesit’smorelikelythanitusedtobethatamalecollegegraduatewillmeetfallinlovewithwedandsharethesalaryofawomanwithadegree.Women’sadvancesineducationhaveroughlyparalleledthegrowthoftheknowledgeeconomysothesliceofthefamilybaconshebringshomewillbesubstantial. Onthefaceofitthismightexplainwhyfewerpeoplearemarried.Theywanttofinishcollegefirst.In2010themedianageofmengettinghitchedforthefirsttimeis28.2andforwomenit’s26.1.It’sgoneupaboutayeareverydecadesincethe’60s. Buthere’stherub.Inthepasttwodecadespeoplewithonlyahighschooleducationstartedtogetmarriedevenlaterthancollegegraduates.In1990morehigh-school-educatedcouplesthancollegegraduateshadmadeittothealtarbyage30.By2007itwastheotherwayaround.WhathasbroughtabouttheswitchIt’snotanydisparityindesire.AccordingtothePewsurvey46%ofcollegegraduateswanttogetmarriedand44%ofthelesseducateddo. Promisingpubliclytobesomeone’spartnerforlifeusedtobesomethingpeopledidtolaythefoundationoftheirindependentlife.Itwasthedeclarationofadulthood.Nowit’smoreofafinishingtouchthelastbrickintheedificesociologistsbelieve.Marriageisthecapstoneforboththecollege-educatedandthelesswelleducated"saysJohnsHopkins’Cherlin."Thecollege-educatedwaituntilthey’refinishedwiththeireducationandtheircareersarelaunched.Thelesseducatedwaituntiltheyfeelcomfortablefinancially."Butthatcomfortkeepsgettingmoreelusive."Thelossofdecent-payingjobsthatahigh-school-educatedmanorwomancouldgetmakesitdifficultforthemtogetandstaymarried"saysCherlin.Astheknowledgeeconomyhasovertakenthemanufacturingeconomycouplesinwhichbothpartners’jobopportunitiesaredisappearingaredoublydisadvantaged.Sotheywaittogetmarried. Whichofthefollowingmaybeagreedbothbythewell-educatedandless-educatednowadays
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 6
LongbeforetheneweconomymadecatchwordsofspeedcustomizationsupplychainmanagementandinformationsharingSpanishclothingretailerZarawascarryingoutarevolutionofitsown.46Bytranslatingthelatesttrendsintodesignsthataremanufacturedinlessthan15days—anddeliveringthemtoitsstorestwiceaweek—Zarapioneeredanewkindofquickcustom-maderetailingthathastransformedtherelativelylowprofileretailerintoaglobalpowerhouse.NobodyelsecangetnewdesignstostoresasquicklysaysKeithWillsEuropeanretailanalystatGoldmanSachs."Unlessyoucandothatyouwon’tbeinbusinessintenyears." 47NotonlyhasZara—theflagshipstoreofprivatetextilecompanyInditex—distinguisheditselfbytightlyintegratingitsdesignandmanufacturingsystemsbutitsclothinghasfilledanuntappedniche."Armaniatmoderateprices"saysoneGoldmanSachsanalyst.Theformulaseemstobepayingoff:Zarawhichisresponsiblefornearly80%ofInditex’srevenuesopeneditsfirststorein1975andhassinceexpandedtomorethan400storesin25countries.Thoughitdoesn’tgenerateasmuchinrevenuesastheGap$11.6billionorSwedishclothierH&Mabout$3.6billionZara’sparenthadsalesofabout$2billionlastyearwhichrepresenteda26%increasefrom1998.Thecompany’sprofitswereup34%toaround$186millionlastyear. Zaraderivesitscompetitiveadvantagefromanastuteuseofinformationandtechnology.Allofitsstoresareelectronicallylinkedtothecompany’sheadquartersnearLaCorunaamidsizedcityonthenorthwestcoastofSpain.Storemanagersmonitorhowmerchandiseissellingandtransmitthisinformationaswellascustomerrequeststoheadquarters."TheroleofthestoremanagergoeswaybeyondthatofGapandH&M"saysWillsofGoldmanSachs.48Togetherwithtrendspotterswhotraveltheglobeinsearchofnewfashionstoremanagersmakesuretheirdesignershaveaccesstorealtimeinformationwhendecidingwiththecommercialteamonthefabriccutandpricepointsofanewgarment. InadditionInditex’sproductionsystemtrulydifferentiatesZarafromitscompetition.WhiletheGapandH&MoutsourcemostoftheirmanufacturingZaraproduces60%ofitsmerchandiseinhouse.Fabric—whichcomesfromplaceslikeSpaintheFarEastIndiaandMorocco—iscutandcoloredatthecompany’sstateoftheartfactory.Thenusinginformationgatheredfromstoresproductionmanagersdecidehowmanygarmentstomakeandwhichstoreswillgetthem.Finallythefabricissenttolocalshopstobeassembledbeforebeingshippedaroundtheworld.49ThiscombinationofrealtimeinformationsharingandinternalizedproductionmeansthatZaracanworkwithalmostnostockandstillhavenewdesignsinthestoretwiceaweekasopposedtothesixweeksthatittraditionallytakesmostcompetitors. 50ThequestionnowishowfarZarawhichrunsalmostnoadvertisingoutsideofitsbiannualstorewidesalescangowiththeconceptofdesignondemandretailing.ThechainiswellknowninSouthAmericaandEuropewhereitiscurrentlyexpandinginGermany.Internationalsalesaccountedforalmost50%ofitstotal.It’slesswellknownintheU.S.;ithasjustsixstoresintheNewYorkCityarea.Butdon’tunderestimatethisSpanishgiant.Inditexrecentlyannounceditwasexploringapublicofferingandit’sprobablyjustamatteratimebeforeitdispatchesZaratoconquertheNewWorld. 50
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 12
Directions Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbythemandthen 3giveyourpointsofview. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 14
存储管理方案中可采用覆盖技术
LongbeforetheneweconomymadecatchwordsofspeedcustomizationsupplychainmanagementandinformationsharingSpanishclothingretailerZarawascarryingoutarevolutionofitsown.46Bytranslatingthelatesttrendsintodesignsthataremanufacturedinlessthan15days—anddeliveringthemtoitsstorestwiceaweek—Zarapioneeredanewkindofquickcustom-maderetailingthathastransformedtherelativelylowprofileretailerintoaglobalpowerhouse.NobodyelsecangetnewdesignstostoresasquicklysaysKeithWillsEuropeanretailanalystatGoldmanSachs."Unlessyoucandothatyouwon’tbeinbusinessintenyears." 47NotonlyhasZara—theflagshipstoreofprivatetextilecompanyInditex—distinguisheditselfbytightlyintegratingitsdesignandmanufacturingsystemsbutitsclothinghasfilledanuntappedniche."Armaniatmoderateprices"saysoneGoldmanSachsanalyst.Theformulaseemstobepayingoff:Zarawhichisresponsiblefornearly80%ofInditex’srevenuesopeneditsfirststorein1975andhassinceexpandedtomorethan400storesin25countries.Thoughitdoesn’tgenerateasmuchinrevenuesastheGap$11.6billionorSwedishclothierH&Mabout$3.6billionZara’sparenthadsalesofabout$2billionlastyearwhichrepresenteda26%increasefrom1998.Thecompany’sprofitswereup34%toaround$186millionlastyear. Zaraderivesitscompetitiveadvantagefromanastuteuseofinformationandtechnology.Allofitsstoresareelectronicallylinkedtothecompany’sheadquartersnearLaCorunaamidsizedcityonthenorthwestcoastofSpain.Storemanagersmonitorhowmerchandiseissellingandtransmitthisinformationaswellascustomerrequeststoheadquarters."TheroleofthestoremanagergoeswaybeyondthatofGapandH&M"saysWillsofGoldmanSachs.48Togetherwithtrendspotterswhotraveltheglobeinsearchofnewfashionstoremanagersmakesuretheirdesignershaveaccesstorealtimeinformationwhendecidingwiththecommercialteamonthefabriccutandpricepointsofanewgarment. InadditionInditex’sproductionsystemtrulydifferentiatesZarafromitscompetition.WhiletheGapandH&MoutsourcemostoftheirmanufacturingZaraproduces60%ofitsmerchandiseinhouse.Fabric—whichcomesfromplaceslikeSpaintheFarEastIndiaandMorocco—iscutandcoloredatthecompany’sstateoftheartfactory.Thenusinginformationgatheredfromstoresproductionmanagersdecidehowmanygarmentstomakeandwhichstoreswillgetthem.Finallythefabricissenttolocalshopstobeassembledbeforebeingshippedaroundtheworld.49ThiscombinationofrealtimeinformationsharingandinternalizedproductionmeansthatZaracanworkwithalmostnostockandstillhavenewdesignsinthestoretwiceaweekasopposedtothesixweeksthatittraditionallytakesmostcompetitors. 50ThequestionnowishowfarZarawhichrunsalmostnoadvertisingoutsideofitsbiannualstorewidesalescangowiththeconceptofdesignondemandretailing.ThechainiswellknowninSouthAmericaandEuropewhereitiscurrentlyexpandinginGermany.Internationalsalesaccountedforalmost50%ofitstotal.It’slesswellknownintheU.S.;ithasjustsixstoresintheNewYorkCityarea.Butdon’tunderestimatethisSpanishgiant.Inditexrecentlyannounceditwasexploringapublicofferingandit’sprobablyjustamatteratimebeforeitdispatchesZaratoconquertheNewWorld. 48
LongbeforetheneweconomymadecatchwordsofspeedcustomizationsupplychainmanagementandinformationsharingSpanishclothingretailerZarawascarryingoutarevolutionofitsown.46Bytranslatingthelatesttrendsintodesignsthataremanufacturedinlessthan15days—anddeliveringthemtoitsstorestwiceaweek—Zarapioneeredanewkindofquickcustom-maderetailingthathastransformedtherelativelylowprofileretailerintoaglobalpowerhouse.NobodyelsecangetnewdesignstostoresasquicklysaysKeithWillsEuropeanretailanalystatGoldmanSachs."Unlessyoucandothatyouwon’tbeinbusinessintenyears." 47NotonlyhasZara—theflagshipstoreofprivatetextilecompanyInditex—distinguisheditselfbytightlyintegratingitsdesignandmanufacturingsystemsbutitsclothinghasfilledanuntappedniche."Armaniatmoderateprices"saysoneGoldmanSachsanalyst.Theformulaseemstobepayingoff:Zarawhichisresponsiblefornearly80%ofInditex’srevenuesopeneditsfirststorein1975andhassinceexpandedtomorethan400storesin25countries.Thoughitdoesn’tgenerateasmuchinrevenuesastheGap$11.6billionorSwedishclothierH&Mabout$3.6billionZara’sparenthadsalesofabout$2billionlastyearwhichrepresenteda26%increasefrom1998.Thecompany’sprofitswereup34%toaround$186millionlastyear. Zaraderivesitscompetitiveadvantagefromanastuteuseofinformationandtechnology.Allofitsstoresareelectronicallylinkedtothecompany’sheadquartersnearLaCorunaamidsizedcityonthenorthwestcoastofSpain.Storemanagersmonitorhowmerchandiseissellingandtransmitthisinformationaswellascustomerrequeststoheadquarters."TheroleofthestoremanagergoeswaybeyondthatofGapandH&M"saysWillsofGoldmanSachs.48Togetherwithtrendspotterswhotraveltheglobeinsearchofnewfashionstoremanagersmakesuretheirdesignershaveaccesstorealtimeinformationwhendecidingwiththecommercialteamonthefabriccutandpricepointsofanewgarment. InadditionInditex’sproductionsystemtrulydifferentiatesZarafromitscompetition.WhiletheGapandH&MoutsourcemostoftheirmanufacturingZaraproduces60%ofitsmerchandiseinhouse.Fabric—whichcomesfromplaceslikeSpaintheFarEastIndiaandMorocco—iscutandcoloredatthecompany’sstateoftheartfactory.Thenusinginformationgatheredfromstoresproductionmanagersdecidehowmanygarmentstomakeandwhichstoreswillgetthem.Finallythefabricissenttolocalshopstobeassembledbeforebeingshippedaroundtheworld.49ThiscombinationofrealtimeinformationsharingandinternalizedproductionmeansthatZaracanworkwithalmostnostockandstillhavenewdesignsinthestoretwiceaweekasopposedtothesixweeksthatittraditionallytakesmostcompetitors. 50ThequestionnowishowfarZarawhichrunsalmostnoadvertisingoutsideofitsbiannualstorewidesalescangowiththeconceptofdesignondemandretailing.ThechainiswellknowninSouthAmericaandEuropewhereitiscurrentlyexpandinginGermany.Internationalsalesaccountedforalmost50%ofitstotal.It’slesswellknownintheU.S.;ithasjustsixstoresintheNewYorkCityarea.Butdon’tunderestimatethisSpanishgiant.Inditexrecentlyannounceditwasexploringapublicofferingandit’sprobablyjustamatteratimebeforeitdispatchesZaratoconquertheNewWorld. 46
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 10
某基于动态分区存储管理的计算机其主存容量为55MB初始为空采用最佳适配BestFit算法分配和释放的顺序为分配15MB分配30MB释放15MB分配8MB分配6MB此时主存中最大空闲分区的大小是
[A]SharetheResponsibility [B]KeepYourReceipts [C]CutBadHabits [D]BalanceYourCheckbook [E]RemainFlexible [F]PayDownDebt [G]FocusonSavings Youhaveabigexpensecomingup.Youneedabettercarorabiggerhomeoryouwanttogobacktocollege.WhatdoyoudoBorrowborrowborrow——rightWellmaybenot.Ifyou’vecreatedabudgetyouknowexactlyhowmuchmoneyyouhavecominginandhowmuchisgoingout.Youcanmakesomeplansconcerningthatbigexpense.Butifyoudon’thaveabudgetplanyouprobablydon’thaveaverygoodpictureofyourfinancesandyoumaybetemptedtoborrowmoremoneyratherthansqueezingallyoucanfromyourincome.It’sdefinitelybetterinthelongrun——foryouandforyourmoney——tohaveabudget. 41.______ Bynowyou’vesetupyourbudget.Youknowhowmuchmoneyyouhave.Butyoucouldstillusesomehelpstayingonbudget.Herearesometipsthatcanhelpyousticktoyourbudgetandgetaheadonthatmajorpurchase.Determinetheamountofyourbudgetthatyoucanaffordtosaveeachmonth.Haveitdirect-depositedtoyoursavingsaccountortoyourmutualfund.Whereveryoudecidetokeepyoursavingsmakesureyouputmoneyintoiteverymonth.Thatsavingswillmakeabigdifferenceforyoulater. 42.______ Whetherit’salcoholortobaccoifyouusemuchofeitheryouknowhowexpensivebadhabitscanbe.Stopsmokinganddrinkingandputthebeer/cigarettemoneytowardyourotherexpenses.You’llseeyourbillscomedown——andfeelyourhealthimprove——innotime.You’llalsosaveonhealthcareexpensesdowntheroadandyoumaybecomeeligibleforlowerinsurancepremiums. 43.______ Makesureyou’renottheonlymemberofyourhouseholdconcernedaboutyourbudget.Ifyou’reworkinghardtosavemoneybutyourspouseisoutspendingyouintodebtyou’refightingalosingbattle.Sitdowntogetherandmakeaplantodeterminehowmuchspendingmoneyyoushouldeachhave.Thencheckineveryweektoseehowwellyou’redoing.Iftheentirefamilysharestheresponsibilityforthebudgeteveryonecancutbackjustalittleandmakeabigdifference.Onepersonshouldn’thavetoshouldertheentireburdenalone. 44.______ Ifyouhavecreditcarddebtyoumayfeellikeit’sgoingtotakeforevertopayitoff.Butyoucangetaheadbychoosingonecard——ideallytheonewiththehighestinterestrate——andpayingasmuchasyoucanoniteverymonth.Ifyouhaveothercardspaytheminimumbalanceonthoseuntilyou’vepaidoffthefirstcard.Thenchoosethenextcardandpayextraonitwhileyoupayminimumsontheothers.Ifyoupayonlytheminimumsonallyourcardsyou’llbepayingalotmoreininterestthanyoumayrealize. 45.______ Youprobablymonitoredyourexpensesforseveralweekstomakeabudget.Oncethebudgetismadethoughitcanbetemptingtostopkeepingupwitheverylittleexpense.Butkeepingtrackreallycanhelpyousticktoyourbudget.Saveyourreceiptsandwritedowntheplacesyouspendmoney.You’llbelesslikelytooverspendifyourealizehowmuchmoneyhasactuallygonethroughyourhands. 42
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