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Mental models guide our perceptions and help us make predictions. Most of our mental models are buil...
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Mentalmodelsguideourperceptionsandhelpusmakepredic
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1abriefintroductionofyourself 2youreducationalqualification 3arequestforaninterview. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.
46.TheAmericansociologistTalcottParsonsbelievedthatthetwomostimportantfunctionsofthemodernfamilyaretheprimarysocializationofchildrenandthestabilizationofadultpersonalitiesthroughmarriageandtheraisingofchildren.Hisownconcernwasparticularlywiththemiddle-classAmericanfamilybuttheseimportantaspectsoffamilylifearealsoapplicablemuchmorewidely.Inthepresentcontextitisworthwhiletolookespeciallyatprimarysocialization. 47.Primarysocializationreferstothetrainingofchildrenduringtheirearliestyearswhereassecondarysocializationreferstolaterinfluencesonthedevelopmentofthechild’spersonalityandlearningactivitiessuchashisinvolvementwithteachersandwithotherchildrenatschool.Primarysocializationisinmostsocietiescarriedoutessentiallywithinthefamilyaspartofchildrearing.Inthemodernfamilyparentstakeresponsibilityforraisingandteachingtheirchildrensuchbasicthingsaslanguageandcorrectbehavior.Toilettrainingteachingchildrenhowtoeatcorrectlyandencouragingchildrentogetalongwithothersareallaspectsofchildrearing.Howeveritisnotonlythesemoremundaneaspectsofbehaviorthatchildrenlearn.Childrenarealsoimplicitlyencouragedtodevelopthevaluesoftheparentsandoftilesocietyinwhichtheylive.InAmericansocietywhichwasParsons’mainconcernthesevaluesincludeindependencemotivationforachievementandcompetition.Inothersocietiesdifferentvaluessuchascooperationandegalitarianismmaybestressed.48.Yettheprinciplebehindprimarysocializationindifferentsocietiesisthesame:thedevelopmentofsocialvaluesmustbeachievedinanenvironmentofloveandsecurityasisfoundintheidealfamilyanywhereintheworld. Howeverfewfamiliesareideal.Studiesofthefamiliesofemotionallydisturbedchildrenhaveshownthatunsatisfactoryrelationshipsbetweenhusbandsandwivescanhavedetrimentaleffectsonchildren. Sometimesachildisusedasascapegoat.Theparentsblameorevenphysicallyabusethechildinordertocoveruptheirowndifficulties.49.Insuchaeasethechildoftenfailstodevelopthevaluestheparentswishtoinstillinhimdevelopinginsteadantisocialhabitsleadingtodeviantbehaviorinlaterlife.Indeedthecyclemayberepeatedifsuchapersonintimemarrieshasafamilyofhisownandtreatshischildreninthesameway.Nonethelessthereisnoreasontosupposethatallchildrenofunsatisfactorymarriagesaretreatedinsuchawayorfailtoovercomethedifficultiestheyhaveaschildren. 50.SomesocialscientistshaveevensuggestedthattheisolatednuclearfamilyasitexistsinWesternindustrializedsocietiesistoblameforthesocialillsfoundinthosesocieties.Theyclaimthatinthepastmoresupportwasofferedfromthewiderkinnetworkandfromthecommunityasawhole--asisstillthecaseinless-developedpartsoftheworldTheBritishpsychiatristsR.D.LaingandDavidCoopersuggestedthatthemodernfamilyisdysfunctionalinthatbyitsverynatureitforcesuponchildrenanundueemphasisonobediencetoauthority.Thesenegativeviewpointsasidemostexpertsaswellasmostparentsagreethattheprimarysocializationprocessinthemodernfamilyoffersbenefitsbotht6thechildandtotheparents. Insuchaeasethechildoftenfailstodevelopthevaluestheparentswishtoinstillinhimdevelopinginsteadantisocialhabitsleadingtodeviantbehaviorinlaterlife.
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