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简述经济效率的帕累托标准及其一般条件。
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现代经济学所认为的最优经济效率的状态一般就是指帕累托最优状态
判断经济效率一般采用______
帕累托最优标准
资源配置
市场占有率
社会福利水平
请解释经济效率的帕累托标准和基本条件
关于市场效率的说法中错误的是______
帕累托效率状态是存在帕累托改进可能的资源配置状态
市场效率是指资源配置效率
整个经济实现一般均衡，资源配置达到帕累托效率状态，是一种理想状态
市场效率实现的条件在于完全竞争市场
判断经济效率一般采用
帕累托标准
资源配置
市场占有率
社会福利水平
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TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusersablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1acrosstheWeb. Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3 LastmonthHowardSchmidtthenation’scyber-czarofferedthefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace-avoluntarytrustedidentitysystemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkeyafingerprintandaphotoIDcardallrolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycardoradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices. Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9whichsystemtojoinandonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense10bythegovernment. GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethesesinglesign-onsystemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices. 12.theapproachwouldcreateawalledgardenncyberspacewithsafeneighborhoodsandbrightstreetlightstoestablishasenseofa13community. Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasavoluntaryecosysteminwhichindividualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns. Stilltheadministration’splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternetdrive’slicensementality. Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexpertswhoworrythatthevoluntaryecosystemenvisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselvesinthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.
为什么说垄断也有可能促进经济效率
感召性权利
TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusersablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1acrosstheWeb. Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3 LastmonthHowardSchmidtthenation’scyber-czarofferedthefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace-avoluntarytrustedidentitysystemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkeyafingerprintandaphotoIDcardallrolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycardoradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices. Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9whichsystemtojoinandonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense10bythegovernment. GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethesesinglesign-onsystemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices. 12.theapproachwouldcreateawalledgardenncyberspacewithsafeneighborhoodsandbrightstreetlightstoestablishasenseofa13community. Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasavoluntaryecosysteminwhichindividualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns. Stilltheadministration’splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternetdrive’slicensementality. Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexpertswhoworrythatthevoluntaryecosystemenvisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselvesinthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.
国际商务机器公司 20世纪60年代的大学毕业生把进入国际商用机器公司IBM视为最好不过的就业机会IBM在增长机会和工作保障之间求得了极好的平衡它领导着计算机产业的发展并且它从未解雇过一位员工 今天IBM已成为美国第四大工业企业它的产品范围从800美元的打字机到1亿多美元的数据处理系统每年可创造640多亿美元的销售额但今天IBM向雇员提供的不再是30年前那种增长高职业保障的机会了因为今天的IBM正承受着文化的压力这种文化更适合于IBM几乎垄断计算机工业的时期 近年来IBM面临着严峻的挑战由于越来越多的企业已转向购买高性能和高灵活性的个人计算机使得对高利润率的大型计算机的需求减少了对IBM而言不幸的是PC已成为互换的大众化的商品而且在几家主要的制造商之间展开了激烈的价格竞争PC带来的利润流向了像苹果计算机公司那样的公司它们不断开发创新产品满足日益增长的顾客需求如今IBM只占有约25％的PC机市场与20年前50%的份额形成了鲜明的对比1991年IBM遭受了80年来第一次亏损——令人震惊的28亿美元亏损 看一下曾经有助于公司的因素可以使我们更好地了解IBM当前的问题—种受到规则高度束缚的保守文化以及对顾客服务的永恒承诺 IBM的创始托马斯沃森几乎为每一件事情都制定了规则深色西装白衬衫条纹领带是IBM的制服喝酒甚至下班后喝酒也被禁止雇员们被要求接受频繁的调换今天虽然规章制度的严厉性减少了一些但保守形象还是一如既往具有讽刺意味的是这种适用于IBM成长及温和竞争时期的保守文化在当今动态的环境中业已成长及被就业保障而吸引到公司来的—批人现在都成为公司的负担因为他们与当前所需的变革和创新的文化不相适应 IBM的人员承诺顾客的服务公司的销售人员仍然是公司的骄子他们经过全面培训并掌握了丰富的知识大部分雇员在进入公司的头6周里都要接受公司的培训每年管理者至少花40个小时的额外时间参加研修尽管公司遇到财政困难IBM仍坚持每年投入几亿美元资金用于教育和培训如果顾客买的IBM的设备出了故障他们相信公司的销售和服务人员有能力解决但是强调服务却成了产品创新的代价尽管IBM的文化仍集中在服务上 IBM对其自身问题的反应是进行大规模的重组1991年公司解雇了2万人1992年又解雇了相同数量的员工这种剧烈的重组已经司空见惯在公司所有场合雇员的职务比先前降低了2～3个等级你可以想象这些变化对IBM雇员所产生的影响公司原来享有工作保障的美誉在那里从来没有人被解雇突然这一切已成为过去当你发觉自己是在传达室工作时你的感觉如何呢这样的事情就发生在IBM公司而且是在1992年! 问题 1．近年来IBM公司的具体环境发生了哪些变化5分 2．IBM历史文化及环境的近期改变是如何制约公司高层管理层的5分 3你如何运用管理象征来描述IBM的前期的成功和近期的困境5分
业务流程再造
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TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusersablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1acrosstheWeb. Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3 LastmonthHowardSchmidtthenation’scyber-czarofferedthefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace-avoluntarytrustedidentitysystemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkeyafingerprintandaphotoIDcardallrolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycardoradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices. Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9whichsystemtojoinandonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense10bythegovernment. GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethesesinglesign-onsystemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices. 12.theapproachwouldcreateawalledgardenncyberspacewithsafeneighborhoodsandbrightstreetlightstoestablishasenseofa13community. Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasavoluntaryecosysteminwhichindividualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns. Stilltheadministration’splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternetdrive’slicensementality. Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexpertswhoworrythatthevoluntaryecosystemenvisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselvesinthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.
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TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusersablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1acrosstheWeb. Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3 LastmonthHowardSchmidtthenation’scyber-czarofferedthefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace-avoluntarytrustedidentitysystemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkeyafingerprintandaphotoIDcardallrolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycardoradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices. Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9whichsystemtojoinandonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense10bythegovernment. GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethesesinglesign-onsystemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices. 12.theapproachwouldcreateawalledgardenncyberspacewithsafeneighborhoodsandbrightstreetlightstoestablishasenseofa13community. Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasavoluntaryecosysteminwhichindividualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns. Stilltheadministration’splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternetdrive’slicensementality. Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexpertswhoworrythatthevoluntaryecosystemenvisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselvesinthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.
TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusersablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1acrosstheWeb. Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3 LastmonthHowardSchmidtthenation’scyber-czarofferedthefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace-avoluntarytrustedidentitysystemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkeyafingerprintandaphotoIDcardallrolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycardoradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices. Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9whichsystemtojoinandonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense10bythegovernment. GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethesesinglesign-onsystemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices. 12.theapproachwouldcreateawalledgardenncyberspacewithsafeneighborhoodsandbrightstreetlightstoestablishasenseofa13community. Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasavoluntaryecosysteminwhichindividualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns. Stilltheadministration’splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternetdrive’slicensementality. Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexpertswhoworrythatthevoluntaryecosystemenvisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselvesinthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.
试画图说明吉芬物品价格下降时的收入效应与替代效应并说明其需求曲线的特征
生产可能性曲线
简述刘颂律学思想的主要内容
简述南京国民政府司法制度的特点
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介绍库恩Thomaskuhn科学观的基本内容
TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusersablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1acrosstheWeb. Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3 LastmonthHowardSchmidtthenation’scyber-czarofferedthefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace-avoluntarytrustedidentitysystemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkeyafingerprintandaphotoIDcardallrolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycardoradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices. Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9whichsystemtojoinandonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense10bythegovernment. GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethesesinglesign-onsystemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices. 12.theapproachwouldcreateawalledgardenncyberspacewithsafeneighborhoodsandbrightstreetlightstoestablishasenseofa13community. Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasavoluntaryecosysteminwhichindividualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns. Stilltheadministration’splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternetdrive’slicensementality. Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexpertswhoworrythatthevoluntaryecosystemenvisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselvesinthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.
TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusersablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1acrosstheWeb. Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3 LastmonthHowardSchmidtthenation’scyber-czarofferedthefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace-avoluntarytrustedidentitysystemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkeyafingerprintandaphotoIDcardallrolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycardoradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices. Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9whichsystemtojoinandonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense10bythegovernment. GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethesesinglesign-onsystemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices. 12.theapproachwouldcreateawalledgardenncyberspacewithsafeneighborhoodsandbrightstreetlightstoestablishasenseofa13community. Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasavoluntaryecosysteminwhichindividualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns. Stilltheadministration’splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternetdrive’slicensementality. Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexpertswhoworrythatthevoluntaryecosystemenvisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselvesinthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.
简述组织设计的原则
TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusersablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1acrosstheWeb. Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3 LastmonthHowardSchmidtthenation’scyber-czarofferedthefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace-avoluntarytrustedidentitysystemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkeyafingerprintandaphotoIDcardallrolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycardoradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices. Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9whichsystemtojoinandonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense10bythegovernment. GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethesesinglesign-onsystemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices. 12.theapproachwouldcreateawalledgardenncyberspacewithsafeneighborhoodsandbrightstreetlightstoestablishasenseofa13community. Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasavoluntaryecosysteminwhichindividualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns. Stilltheadministration’splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternetdrive’slicensementality. Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexpertswhoworrythatthevoluntaryecosystemenvisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselvesinthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.
学习层级
当今在我国的教育界对创新和创造性行为的培养呼声极高有些人也希望通过传授一般的问题解决策略来达到这一目标根据认知教学心理学家在1传授一般的问题解决策略方面以及2传授一般的推理策略方面所做的研究工作指出达到上述目标的最有希望的途径
TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusersablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1acrosstheWeb. Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3 LastmonthHowardSchmidtthenation’scyber-czarofferedthefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace-avoluntarytrustedidentitysystemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkeyafingerprintandaphotoIDcardallrolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycardoradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices. Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9whichsystemtojoinandonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense10bythegovernment. GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethesesinglesign-onsystemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices. 12.theapproachwouldcreateawalledgardenncyberspacewithsafeneighborhoodsandbrightstreetlightstoestablishasenseofa13community. Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasavoluntaryecosysteminwhichindividualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns. Stilltheadministration’splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternetdrive’slicensementality. Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexpertswhoworrythatthevoluntaryecosystemenvisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselvesinthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.
试述孙中山权能分治论谈谈权能分治论对当前我国政治改革的意义
介绍科学实在论和反实在论的基本主__论证思路
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