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MakingmoneyisadirtygamesaystheInstituteofEconomicAffairs.summinguptheattitudeofBritishnoveliststowardsbusiness.TheIEA.afreemarketthink-tankhasjustpublishedacollectionofessaysTheRepresentationofBusinessinEnglishLiteraturebyfiveacademicschroniclingthehostilityofthecountry’smenandwomenofletterstothesordidbusinessofmakingmoney.TheimplicationisthatBritain’seconomicperformanceIsretardedbyananti-industrialculture.RatherthanblamingrebelliousworkersandincompetentmanagersforBritain’seconomicworries.thenwecanputGeorgeOrwellandMartinAmisinthedockinstead.FromDickens’sScroogetoAmis’sJohnSelfinhis1980snovelMoneynovelistshaveconjureduparogue’sgalleryofmean.greedyamoralmoney-menthathasalienatedtheirimpressionablereadersfromthenoblepursuitofcapitalism.Theargumenthasbeenwellmadebeforemostfamouslyin1981byMartinWiener.anAmericanacademicinhisEnglishCultureandtheDeclineoftheIndustrialSpirit.LadyThatcherwasanadmirerofMr.Wiener’s.andsheledacrusadetorevivetheentrepreneurialculturewhichtheliberalelitehadallegedlytrampledunderfoot.ThepresentChancelloroftheExchequerGordonBrownsoundsasthoughheagreeswithher.AtarecentspeechtotheConfederationofBritishIndustryhedeclaredthatitshouldbethedutyofeveryteacherinthecountrytocommunicatethevirtuesofbusinessandenterprise.Certainlymostnovelistsarehostiletocapitalismbutthisrefrainrisksscapegoatingwritersforfailingsforwhichtheyarenottoblame.Britain’scultureisnomoreanti-businessthanthatofothercountries.TheRomanticMovement.whichstartedasareactionagainsttheindustrialrevolutionofthe21stcenturywasbornandflourishedinGermanybuthasnotstoppedtheGermansfrombeingEurope’smostsuccessfulentreprcneursandindustrialists.EventheAmericansareguiltyofblackeningbusiness’sname.SMERSHandSPECTREwentourwiththecoldwarJamesBondnowtakesoninternationalmediamagnatesratherthanRosaKleb.HisfilmssuchasErinBrockovichhavepitcheddowntroddenmoralheroesagainsttheeviloffacelesscorporatism.YetnoneofthisseemstohavedentedAmerica’slustforfreeenterprise.Theironyisthatthenovelflourishedasanartformonlyafterandasaresultof.thecreationofthenewcommercialclassesofVictorianEnglandjustasthemodemHollywoodfilmcanexistonlyinaneraofmassconsumerism.Perhapsthemoralisthatcapitalistsocietiesconsumeliteratureandfilmtoletoffsteamratherthantochangetheworld.Inthefirstparagraphtheauthorintroduceshistopicby______.
Text1 YasuhisaShizokia51-yearoldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable."Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocess"hesaysbluntly"wearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem."WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems. Sinceco-writingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMrShiozakihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMrKoizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt. AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMrKoizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepolitics:towardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow.Unfortunatelydamagelimitationinthefaceofscandaltoooftensubstitutesforrealreform.Moreoftenthescandalsservemerelyasdistractions.Whatisreallyneededisanoverhauloftherulesthemselves. Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40-year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed--throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability. Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowboughtintooneofMrKoizumi’sbestslogans:"ChangetheLDPchangeJapan." ThediversionYasuhisaShizokienjoysismentionedinthetextto
Text3 OnMar.14whenWal-MartStoresInc.announceditsfirstforayintoJapantheBentonvilleArk.retailinggiantplacedabigbetthatitcouldsucceedwherecountlessotherforeigncompanieshavefailed.InthepastfiveyearsanumberoffamousWesternbrandshavebeenforcedtocloseupshopafterfailingtocatchoninJapanoneoftheworld’slargest——butmostvariable——consumermarkets. MayWal-MartmakeagoofitwhereothershavestumbledOnegoodsignisthatthemassmarketerisnotrushinginblindly.Ithastakenaninitial6.1%stakeinailingfood-and-clothingchainSeiyuLtd.whichitcanraisetoacontrolling33.4%byyearendandto66.7%by2007.ThatgivesWal-Marttimetoreviseitsstrategy——orrunfortheexits. ThequestioniswhetherWal-MartcanapplythelessonsithaslearnedinotherpartsofAsiatoJapan.Thisafterallisanationofnotoriouslyfinickyconsumers——whohavebecomeevenmoresosinceJapanslippedintoadecade-longslump.HowwillWal-Martbringtobearitslegendarycost-cuttingsavvyinamarketalreadyaffectedbyfallingpricesAnalystsareunderstandablyskeptical."ItisuncertainwhetherWal-Mart’sbusinessmodelswillbeeffectiveinJapan"StandardgPoor’ssaidinaMar.18report. MuchdependsonwhetherSeiyuturnsouttobeagoodpartner.The39-year-oldretailerisamemberofthereputedSeibuSaisonretailgroupthatfellonhardtimesintheearly’90s.ItalsohasdeeptiestotradinghouseSumitomoCorp.whichwilltakea15%stakeintheventurewithWal-Mart.PerhapsthebestthingthatcanbesaidofSeiyu’s400-oddstoresisthatthey’renotasdeeplytroubledasotherlocalretailers.Stillthere’sagapingchasmbetweenthetwocorporatecultures."We’veneverbeenknownforcheapeverydaypricing"saysaSeiyuspokesman.AnotherpotentialproblemisSumitomowhichmaynotwanttoleanonsupplierstotheextentthatWal-Martroutinelydoes. Theclockisticking.Wal-Martexecutivessaytheyneedseveralmonthsto"study"thedealwithSeiyubeforeactingonitbutinthemeantimeanewwaveofhyper-competitiveJapaneseandforeignrivalsarecarvingupthemarket.IfWal-Martsucceedsitwillreduceitsrelianceonitshomemarketevenfurtherand——whoknows——itmayevenrevolutionizeJapaneseretailinginthesamewayithasintheU.S. TowardthisadventureofWal-Marttheauthor'sattitudecanbebestsaidtobe
[A]Thegoldenwedding-ringwasputonherfinger [B]Theforeigngroomandthelocalbride [C]Angelschildrenescortingthebride [D]Weddinghall [E]Templeandatheisticgroom [F]Townhallahappybrideandgroom Ornamentingthetwofingersisonlythefirststepofthe"longmarch".Angelwasneverasoverloadedastodayrunningfromheretotherebusyorderinginvitationcardsandweddingclothesbookingchurchandrestaurantcheckingavailabilityofthephotographerthepastorandtheofficialinthetownhalllookingforanewhome.Shewashappyandexcited.Howeverthislongweddingpreparationprocessloadeddownwithtrivialdetailsgavemeabigheadache.InFrancemoreandmoreFrenchcohabitinsteadofmarrying.Howeverwhentheydecidetomarrytheystilltaketheirweddingceremonyseriouslyandusuallyfollowtheneverchangingthreetraditionalchapters. 41．_______________________. Thethirdchapteristheweddingbreakfastfollowedbyadance.Thefirstandthesecondchapterarethecivilweddingandthechurchwedding.Afterthechurchweddingthenewly-wedsnormallyinvitetheirparentsandfriendstotakepartinasumptuousmealanddanceintheevening.Afterchampagneflutesareraisedallaroundthedancingstarts.Thenewly-wedstaketheleaddancinglightlyandfinishtheeveningbytiredlytrippingintotheirbridalchamberandthusterminatethelastchapteroftheFrenchmarriage. 42．_______________________. Igrewupinthelastseventiesandearlyeightiesthe"simplewedding"advocatedbytheChinesegovernmenthadbeeningrainedinmymind.OnedayfinallyIcouldnothelprevealingmywishforasimplewedding:"Darlingyourweddingplansarefartoolongandover-elaborate.Let’ssimplifythemandreducethreechapterstoonlyone.It’senoughtogetmarriedinthetownhall!....No!Marriageisthemostimportanteventinmylife.Iwanttomakeitgrandandunforgettable."Angelrefusedtoconcede.HoweverIreallywantedtoescapethechurchwedding."HoneyIwasn’tbaptizedandbeinganatheistIamnotallowedtogotochurch.Achurchweddingisaburdenforanatheistlikemeandthechurchweddingforanatheistisalsoagainstchurchrules!"IpresentedmyviewsvehementlybelievingIhadthebestexcuseintheworld."Mydearmarriageisasacredaffair;wemustgotothechurch.Youareonlyawareofoneaspectofathingbutignorantofanother.IamaProtestant;therearenostrictcanonsandmumbo-jumbosinProtestantism.IfoneofthetwoisProtestanttheyarestillallowedtomarryinaProtestantchurch."Iwasrenderedspeechless. 43．_______________________. Thesacredmomentarrived.Theforeigngroomandthelocalbridesurroundedbyherfamilymembersarrivedatthemarriagehall."Doyoutakethiswomanasyourwife""Yes!"Amyriadofthoughtswelledupinmymind:"I’dquitmyhighly-covetedjobinChinaandgonethroughinnumerabletrialsandtribulationstocometoEuropetojoinmyChineseloverbutIwasjilted.NowI’dfoundanoasisoflovebutfarfrommyhomeland.Thegirlwithmetodaythoughfromadifferentculturalbackgroundwithadifferentwayofthinkingandbehavingissimplepureandkindheartedlikeanangel.I’dsufferedfromthewanderinglifeinEurope.Butaftersufferingcomeshappiness.Inafewminutesshewillproclaimtheendofmywanderingandhomelesslife."FullofdeepfeelingIgazedatthiswesternbeautyshiningwithdazzlingsplendorandheldherhandtightinmine. 44．_______________________. "Doyoutakethismanasyourhusband"BrimmingwithtearschokingwithsobsAngelnoddedherapproval.BeingatraditionalFrenchgirlshe’dneverexpectedthatshewouldhavefallenintothetemptationofthe"goodbutcheapChinesemerchandise"beforeherandwouldhavecrossedthefrontierbetweenChineseandFrenchculturestomarryamanwithanexoticaccentandaflatnose! 45_______________________. ThechurchwasresoundingwiththeweddingsonataangelandIwalkeduptothepastortothebeatofthemusic.Handinhandheartwithheartfulloftenderaffectionwegavealltherightanswerstohisquestions.Thegoldenwedding-ringonherleftfingerandpairedupwithherengagementringontherightringfingerbothcomplementingeachother’sradianceandbeauty.Angelnowwithtworingsbecameareal"valuable"bride.Sheslippedmyfingerwithasimpleringontomyfingerandatthesametimecapturingmywanderingheart. ThateveningItheforeigngroomwithmyErrutwo-stringedChineseviolintogetherwithAngelthelocalbridewithherviolinsuccessfullyperformedthemostbeautifulconcertoofcrossbordermarriage."Thatspringiscomingtheearthissmiling..."thehallwasresoundingtothestrainsofStrauss’joyfulwaltzwhileweweretrippingawayinadance.Attheclimaxofthemusicweswirledsoquicklythatbothofusfeltourselvesswoonintheglamourofourcrossbordermarriage. 41
ThecurrentFrenchbestsellerlistsarewonderfullyeclectic.In1.thereiseverything2blockbusterthrillerstoCatherineMiller’sLaVieSexuelledeCatherineM.anovelwhichhasbeen3praisedashighartand4asupmarketporn.Thentherearenovels5thestickyquestionsofgoodand6LeDemonetMademoisellePrymandfaithversussciencemthemodernworldL’apparition.Philosophical7continueinthenon-fictionlist.8thisweekbyMichelOnfray’s"AntimanueldePhilosophic".awittytalk9someofphilosophy’sperennialdebates.ThosewholiketheirbigissuesinsmallchunksarealsoenjoyingFredericBeigbeder’sDernierInventaireavantLiquidation.asurveyofFrance’s1020th-centurybooks11withMr.Beigbeder’s12humourfromthetitleonThe50booksoftheCenturyChosenbyYouandCritiquedbyMe InBritain.meanwhilethereisoliveoilalloverthenon-fictionlist.It’samajor13forNigellaLawsonadomesticdivinityandcelebrity14whoselatest15ofrecipestopsthelist.AnnieHawesinsecond16.tookherself17tothesun-drenchedhillsofItalytogrowherownolivesandwriteabookaboutthemasdidCarolDrinkwaterjust18theborderinFrance.Fiction-wiseit’sbusinessas19withtherequisiteholidaymixofthrillersromancefantasyandHarryPotter.withTheGobletofFirestillburning20atnumberthree. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Text4 ShortlyafterdawnonFebruary17th2003theworld’smostambitiousroadpricingexperimentwillstartinLondon.ThoughcordontollschemeshavebeenoperatinginNorwayforyearsandSingaporehasanelectronicsystemnoonehasevertriedtochargemotoristsinacityofthesizeandcomplexityofLondon. Fordecadestransportplannershavebeendemandingthatmotoristsshouldpaydirectlyfortheuseofroads.Accordingtotheprofessionalsitistheonlywayofcivilizingcitiesandrestrainingthegrowthofinterurbantraffic.Politicianshavemostlyturnedadeafearfearingthatchargingforsomethingwhatwaspreviouslyfreewasaquickroutetoelectoralsuicide.ButLondon’sinitiativesuggeststhatthepointwhereroadpricingbecomesgenerallyacceptedasthemostefficientwaytorestraintrafficismuchnearerthanmostdriversrealize. ThemayorofLondonKenLivingstonehaspinnedhispoliticalreputationonthescheme’ssuccess.Ifitworkscitiesaroundtheworldwillrushtocopyit.Ifitfailshewillbejeeredfromofficewhenheseeksre-electionin2004.ButhowwillsuccessbejudgedThemayorclaimsthatcongestionchargingwillproduce￡130minnetannualrevenuesreducetrafficincentralLondonby15%andreducetrafficdelaysbyaboutaquarter.Unfortunatelytheseambitioustargetsareunlikelytobemet. Forastartthelowlevelatwhichthechargehasbeensetowesmoretopoliticsthantrafficplanning.Itsimpactmodestincomparisonwiththealreadyhigh￡4anhouron-streetparkingchargesintheareamaybelessthananticipated.Butmosttransportexpertsarecautiouslyoptimisticthatitwillhelpimprovethecapital’schaotictransportsystem.Asforthemayorhispoliticalprospectslookgood.ThosewhodrivecarsinthecenterofLondonduringthedayareatinyfractionofthemillionswhowalkorusepublictransporttogettowork. London’swillingnesstotaketheplungehasmovedcongestionchargingfromtherealmoftransportplannersintomainstreampolitics.Yetthelow-techsolutionithasadoptedhasbeenovertakenbymodernmicrowaveradiosystemsallowingcarstocommunicatewithroadsidechargingunits.ThenextgenerationoftechnologywilluseglobalpositioningsatellitesGPStotrackthepositionofvehicleswherevertheyareonasecond-to-secondbasis. Thebravenewworldofpayingasyougoisnotfaraway.Forthosewhodriveinruralareasthecostwillcomedown.Butformotoristswhospendmostoftheirtimeincongestedurbanareastravelisrightlygoingtobecomemuchmoreexpensive. TheimplementationofroadpricinginLondonisprimarilyintendedto
Directions: SupposeyouareLiMingandyouwanttofurtheryourstudyonyourmajor.WritealetterofapplicationtotheheadoftheRegistrationDepartmentofauniversitytowhichyouintendtobeadmittedandthelettershouldincludethefollowinginformation: 1abriefaccountofyourself 2youreagernesstostudyintheuniversity 3andsomefurtherremarks. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
ThecurrentFrenchbestsellerlistsarewonderfullyeclectic.In1.thereiseverything2blockbusterthrillerstoCatherineMiller’sLaVieSexuelledeCatherineM.anovelwhichhasbeen3praisedashighartand4asupmarketporn.Thentherearenovels5thestickyquestionsofgoodand6LeDemonetMademoisellePrymandfaithversussciencemthemodernworldL’apparition.Philosophical7continueinthenon-fictionlist.8thisweekbyMichelOnfray’s"AntimanueldePhilosophic".awittytalk9someofphilosophy’sperennialdebates.ThosewholiketheirbigissuesinsmallchunksarealsoenjoyingFredericBeigbeder’sDernierInventaireavantLiquidation.asurveyofFrance’s1020th-centurybooks11withMr.Beigbeder’s12humourfromthetitleonThe50booksoftheCenturyChosenbyYouandCritiquedbyMe InBritain.meanwhilethereisoliveoilalloverthenon-fictionlist.It’samajor13forNigellaLawsonadomesticdivinityandcelebrity14whoselatest15ofrecipestopsthelist.AnnieHawesinsecond16.tookherself17tothesun-drenchedhillsofItalytogrowherownolivesandwriteabookaboutthemasdidCarolDrinkwaterjust18theborderinFrance.Fiction-wiseit’sbusinessas19withtherequisiteholidaymixofthrillersromancefantasyandHarryPotter.withTheGobletofFirestillburning20atnumberthree. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
ThecurrentFrenchbestsellerlistsarewonderfullyeclectic.In1.thereiseverything2blockbusterthrillerstoCatherineMiller’sLaVieSexuelledeCatherineM.anovelwhichhasbeen3praisedashighartand4asupmarketporn.Thentherearenovels5thestickyquestionsofgoodand6LeDemonetMademoisellePrymandfaithversussciencemthemodernworldL’apparition.Philosophical7continueinthenon-fictionlist.8thisweekbyMichelOnfray’s"AntimanueldePhilosophic".awittytalk9someofphilosophy’sperennialdebates.ThosewholiketheirbigissuesinsmallchunksarealsoenjoyingFredericBeigbeder’sDernierInventaireavantLiquidation.asurveyofFrance’s1020th-centurybooks11withMr.Beigbeder’s12humourfromthetitleonThe50booksoftheCenturyChosenbyYouandCritiquedbyMe InBritain.meanwhilethereisoliveoilalloverthenon-fictionlist.It’samajor13forNigellaLawsonadomesticdivinityandcelebrity14whoselatest15ofrecipestopsthelist.AnnieHawesinsecond16.tookherself17tothesun-drenchedhillsofItalytogrowherownolivesandwriteabookaboutthemasdidCarolDrinkwaterjust18theborderinFrance.Fiction-wiseit’sbusinessas19withtherequisiteholidaymixofthrillersromancefantasyandHarryPotter.withTheGobletofFirestillburning20atnumberthree. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Text2 Atsomepointduringtheireducationbiologystudentsaretoldaboutaconversationinapubthattookplaceover50yearsago.J.B.S.HaldaneaBritishgeneticistwasaskedwhetherhewouldlaydownhislifeforhiscountry.Afterdoingaquickcalculationonthebackofanapkinhesaidhewoulddosofortwobrothersoreightcousins.Inotherwordshewoulddietoprotecttheequivalentofhisgeneticcontributiontothenextgeneration. Thetheoryofkinselection--theideathatanimalscanpassontheirgenesbyhelpingtheircloserelatives——isbiology’sexplanationforseeminglyaltruisticacts.Anindividualcarryinggenesthatpromotealtruismmightbeexpectedtodieyoungerthanonewith"selfish"genesandthustohaveareducedcontributiontothenextgeneration’sgeneticpool. Butifthesameindividualactsaltruisticallytoprotectitsrelativesgenesforaltruisticbehaviormightneverthelesspropagate. Actsofapparentaltruismtonon-relativescanalsobeexplainedawayinwhathasbecomeacottageindustrywithinbiology.Ananimalmightcarefortheoffspringofanotherthatitisunrelatedtobecauseithopestoobtainthesamebenefitsforitselflateronaphenomenonknownasreciprocalaltruism.Thehunterwhogenerouslyshareshisspoilswithothersmaybedoingsoinordertosignalhissuperiorstatustofemalesandultimatelyboosthisbreedingsuccess.Theseapparentlyselflessactsarethereforedisguisedactsofself-interest. Alloftheseexamplesfiteconomists’argumentsthatHomosapiensisalsoHomoeconomicus——maximizingsomethingthateconomistscallutilityandbiologistsfitness.Butthereisaresiduumofhumanactivitythatdefiessuchexplanations:peoplecontributetocharitiesforthehomelessreturnlostwalletsdovoluntaryworkandtipwaitersinrestaurantstowhichtheydonotplantoreturn.Botheconomicrationalismandnaturalselectionofferfewexplanationsforsuchrandomactsofkindness.Norcantheyeasilyexplaintheopposite:spitefulbehaviorwhensomeoneharmshisowninterestinordertodamagethatofanother.Butpeoplearenowtryingtofindanswers. Whenanewphenomenonisrecognizedbyscienceanamealwayshelps.InapaperinHumanNatureDrFehrandhiscolleaguesargueforabehavioralpropensitytheycall"strongreciprocity".Thisnameisintendedtodistinguishitfromreciprocalaltruism.AccordingtoDrFehrapersonisastrongreciprocatorifheiswillingtosacrificeresourcestobekindtothosewhoarebeingkindandtopunishthosewhoarebeingunkind.Significandystrongreciprocatorswillbehavethiswayevenifdoingsoprovidesnoprospectofmaterialrewardsinthefuture. Thewritementionedthecaseofthehunterwhoshareshisspoilswithotherstodemonstrate
[A]Thegoldenwedding-ringwasputonherfinger [B]Theforeigngroomandthelocalbride [C]Angelschildrenescortingthebride [D]Weddinghall [E]Templeandatheisticgroom [F]Townhallahappybrideandgroom Ornamentingthetwofingersisonlythefirststepofthe"longmarch".Angelwasneverasoverloadedastodayrunningfromheretotherebusyorderinginvitationcardsandweddingclothesbookingchurchandrestaurantcheckingavailabilityofthephotographerthepastorandtheofficialinthetownhalllookingforanewhome.Shewashappyandexcited.Howeverthislongweddingpreparationprocessloadeddownwithtrivialdetailsgavemeabigheadache.InFrancemoreandmoreFrenchcohabitinsteadofmarrying.Howeverwhentheydecidetomarrytheystilltaketheirweddingceremonyseriouslyandusuallyfollowtheneverchangingthreetraditionalchapters. 41．_______________________. Thethirdchapteristheweddingbreakfastfollowedbyadance.Thefirstandthesecondchapterarethecivilweddingandthechurchwedding.Afterthechurchweddingthenewly-wedsnormallyinvitetheirparentsandfriendstotakepartinasumptuousmealanddanceintheevening.Afterchampagneflutesareraisedallaroundthedancingstarts.Thenewly-wedstaketheleaddancinglightlyandfinishtheeveningbytiredlytrippingintotheirbridalchamberandthusterminatethelastchapteroftheFrenchmarriage. 42．_______________________. Igrewupinthelastseventiesandearlyeightiesthe"simplewedding"advocatedbytheChinesegovernmenthadbeeningrainedinmymind.OnedayfinallyIcouldnothelprevealingmywishforasimplewedding:"Darlingyourweddingplansarefartoolongandover-elaborate.Let’ssimplifythemandreducethreechapterstoonlyone.It’senoughtogetmarriedinthetownhall!....No!Marriageisthemostimportanteventinmylife.Iwanttomakeitgrandandunforgettable."Angelrefusedtoconcede.HoweverIreallywantedtoescapethechurchwedding."HoneyIwasn’tbaptizedandbeinganatheistIamnotallowedtogotochurch.Achurchweddingisaburdenforanatheistlikemeandthechurchweddingforanatheistisalsoagainstchurchrules!"IpresentedmyviewsvehementlybelievingIhadthebestexcuseintheworld."Mydearmarriageisasacredaffair;wemustgotothechurch.Youareonlyawareofoneaspectofathingbutignorantofanother.IamaProtestant;therearenostrictcanonsandmumbo-jumbosinProtestantism.IfoneofthetwoisProtestanttheyarestillallowedtomarryinaProtestantchurch."Iwasrenderedspeechless. 43．_______________________. Thesacredmomentarrived.Theforeigngroomandthelocalbridesurroundedbyherfamilymembersarrivedatthemarriagehall."Doyoutakethiswomanasyourwife""Yes!"Amyriadofthoughtswelledupinmymind:"I’dquitmyhighly-covetedjobinChinaandgonethroughinnumerabletrialsandtribulationstocometoEuropetojoinmyChineseloverbutIwasjilted.NowI’dfoundanoasisoflovebutfarfrommyhomeland.Thegirlwithmetodaythoughfromadifferentculturalbackgroundwithadifferentwayofthinkingandbehavingissimplepureandkindheartedlikeanangel.I’dsufferedfromthewanderinglifeinEurope.Butaftersufferingcomeshappiness.Inafewminutesshewillproclaimtheendofmywanderingandhomelesslife."FullofdeepfeelingIgazedatthiswesternbeautyshiningwithdazzlingsplendorandheldherhandtightinmine. 44．_______________________. "Doyoutakethismanasyourhusband"BrimmingwithtearschokingwithsobsAngelnoddedherapproval.BeingatraditionalFrenchgirlshe’dneverexpectedthatshewouldhavefallenintothetemptationofthe"goodbutcheapChinesemerchandise"beforeherandwouldhavecrossedthefrontierbetweenChineseandFrenchculturestomarryamanwithanexoticaccentandaflatnose! 45_______________________. ThechurchwasresoundingwiththeweddingsonataangelandIwalkeduptothepastortothebeatofthemusic.Handinhandheartwithheartfulloftenderaffectionwegavealltherightanswerstohisquestions.Thegoldenwedding-ringonherleftfingerandpairedupwithherengagementringontherightringfingerbothcomplementingeachother’sradianceandbeauty.Angelnowwithtworingsbecameareal"valuable"bride.Sheslippedmyfingerwithasimpleringontomyfingerandatthesametimecapturingmywanderingheart. ThateveningItheforeigngroomwithmyErrutwo-stringedChineseviolintogetherwithAngelthelocalbridewithherviolinsuccessfullyperformedthemostbeautifulconcertoofcrossbordermarriage."Thatspringiscomingtheearthissmiling..."thehallwasresoundingtothestrainsofStrauss’joyfulwaltzwhileweweretrippingawayinadance.Attheclimaxofthemusicweswirledsoquicklythatbothofusfeltourselvesswoonintheglamourofourcrossbordermarriage. 43
Radiationoccursfromthreenaturalsources:radioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminhoneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100milliremsayearfortheaverageAmerican. Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalx-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation. AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithx-rayscontractedcancer.Anotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenx-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtore-examinetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk. RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation. 48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths. Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatereportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhasbeenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned. 49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths.
ThecurrentFrenchbestsellerlistsarewonderfullyeclectic.In1.thereiseverything2blockbusterthrillerstoCatherineMiller’sLaVieSexuelledeCatherineM.anovelwhichhasbeen3praisedashighartand4asupmarketporn.Thentherearenovels5thestickyquestionsofgoodand6LeDemonetMademoisellePrymandfaithversussciencemthemodernworldL’apparition.Philosophical7continueinthenon-fictionlist.8thisweekbyMichelOnfray’s"AntimanueldePhilosophic".awittytalk9someofphilosophy’sperennialdebates.ThosewholiketheirbigissuesinsmallchunksarealsoenjoyingFredericBeigbeder’sDernierInventaireavantLiquidation.asurveyofFrance’s1020th-centurybooks11withMr.Beigbeder’s12humourfromthetitleonThe50booksoftheCenturyChosenbyYouandCritiquedbyMe InBritain.meanwhilethereisoliveoilalloverthenon-fictionlist.It’samajor13forNigellaLawsonadomesticdivinityandcelebrity14whoselatest15ofrecipestopsthelist.AnnieHawesinsecond16.tookherself17tothesun-drenchedhillsofItalytogrowherownolivesandwriteabookaboutthemasdidCarolDrinkwaterjust18theborderinFrance.Fiction-wiseit’sbusinessas19withtherequisiteholidaymixofthrillersromancefantasyandHarryPotter.withTheGobletofFirestillburning20atnumberthree. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Text1 YasuhisaShizokia51-yearoldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable."Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocess"hesaysbluntly"wearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem."WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems. Sinceco-writingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMrShiozakihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMrKoizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt. AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMrKoizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepolitics:towardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow.Unfortunatelydamagelimitationinthefaceofscandaltoooftensubstitutesforrealreform.Moreoftenthescandalsservemerelyasdistractions.Whatisreallyneededisanoverhauloftherulesthemselves. Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40-year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed--throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability. Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowboughtintooneofMrKoizumi’sbestslogans:"ChangetheLDPchangeJapan." Itseemsthatthewriteisverycriticalof
ThecurrentFrenchbestsellerlistsarewonderfullyeclectic.In1.thereiseverything2blockbusterthrillerstoCatherineMiller’sLaVieSexuelledeCatherineM.anovelwhichhasbeen3praisedashighartand4asupmarketporn.Thentherearenovels5thestickyquestionsofgoodand6LeDemonetMademoisellePrymandfaithversussciencemthemodernworldL’apparition.Philosophical7continueinthenon-fictionlist.8thisweekbyMichelOnfray’s"AntimanueldePhilosophic".awittytalk9someofphilosophy’sperennialdebates.ThosewholiketheirbigissuesinsmallchunksarealsoenjoyingFredericBeigbeder’sDernierInventaireavantLiquidation.asurveyofFrance’s1020th-centurybooks11withMr.Beigbeder’s12humourfromthetitleonThe50booksoftheCenturyChosenbyYouandCritiquedbyMe InBritain.meanwhilethereisoliveoilalloverthenon-fictionlist.It’samajor13forNigellaLawsonadomesticdivinityandcelebrity14whoselatest15ofrecipestopsthelist.AnnieHawesinsecond16.tookherself17tothesun-drenchedhillsofItalytogrowherownolivesandwriteabookaboutthemasdidCarolDrinkwaterjust18theborderinFrance.Fiction-wiseit’sbusinessas19withtherequisiteholidaymixofthrillersromancefantasyandHarryPotter.withTheGobletofFirestillburning20atnumberthree. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Text4 ShortlyafterdawnonFebruary17th2003theworld’smostambitiousroadpricingexperimentwillstartinLondon.ThoughcordontollschemeshavebeenoperatinginNorwayforyearsandSingaporehasanelectronicsystemnoonehasevertriedtochargemotoristsinacityofthesizeandcomplexityofLondon. Fordecadestransportplannershavebeendemandingthatmotoristsshouldpaydirectlyfortheuseofroads.Accordingtotheprofessionalsitistheonlywayofcivilizingcitiesandrestrainingthegrowthofinterurbantraffic.Politicianshavemostlyturnedadeafearfearingthatchargingforsomethingwhatwaspreviouslyfreewasaquickroutetoelectoralsuicide.ButLondon’sinitiativesuggeststhatthepointwhereroadpricingbecomesgenerallyacceptedasthemostefficientwaytorestraintrafficismuchnearerthanmostdriversrealize. ThemayorofLondonKenLivingstonehaspinnedhispoliticalreputationonthescheme’ssuccess.Ifitworkscitiesaroundtheworldwillrushtocopyit.Ifitfailshewillbejeeredfromofficewhenheseeksre-electionin2004.ButhowwillsuccessbejudgedThemayorclaimsthatcongestionchargingwillproduce￡130minnetannualrevenuesreducetrafficincentralLondonby15%andreducetrafficdelaysbyaboutaquarter.Unfortunatelytheseambitioustargetsareunlikelytobemet. Forastartthelowlevelatwhichthechargehasbeensetowesmoretopoliticsthantrafficplanning.Itsimpactmodestincomparisonwiththealreadyhigh￡4anhouron-streetparkingchargesintheareamaybelessthananticipated.Butmosttransportexpertsarecautiouslyoptimisticthatitwillhelpimprovethecapital’schaotictransportsystem.Asforthemayorhispoliticalprospectslookgood.ThosewhodrivecarsinthecenterofLondonduringthedayareatinyfractionofthemillionswhowalkorusepublictransporttogettowork. London’swillingnesstotaketheplungehasmovedcongestionchargingfromtherealmoftransportplannersintomainstreampolitics.Yetthelow-techsolutionithasadoptedhasbeenovertakenbymodernmicrowaveradiosystemsallowingcarstocommunicatewithroadsidechargingunits.ThenextgenerationoftechnologywilluseglobalpositioningsatellitesGPStotrackthepositionofvehicleswherevertheyareonasecond-to-secondbasis. Thebravenewworldofpayingasyougoisnotfaraway.Forthosewhodriveinruralareasthecostwillcomedown.Butformotoristswhospendmostoftheirtimeincongestedurbanareastravelisrightlygoingtobecomemuchmoreexpensive. AccordingtothetextthemayorofLondonKenLivingstoneseemstobeverysupportiveofthecongestionchargingschemebecauseof
Text3 OnMar.14whenWal-MartStoresInc.announceditsfirstforayintoJapantheBentonvilleArk.retailinggiantplacedabigbetthatitcouldsucceedwherecountlessotherforeigncompanieshavefailed.InthepastfiveyearsanumberoffamousWesternbrandshavebeenforcedtocloseupshopafterfailingtocatchoninJapanoneoftheworld’slargest——butmostvariable——consumermarkets. MayWal-MartmakeagoofitwhereothershavestumbledOnegoodsignisthatthemassmarketerisnotrushinginblindly.Ithastakenaninitial6.1%stakeinailingfood-and-clothingchainSeiyuLtd.whichitcanraisetoacontrolling33.4%byyearendandto66.7%by2007.ThatgivesWal-Marttimetoreviseitsstrategy——orrunfortheexits. ThequestioniswhetherWal-MartcanapplythelessonsithaslearnedinotherpartsofAsiatoJapan.Thisafterallisanationofnotoriouslyfinickyconsumers——whohavebecomeevenmoresosinceJapanslippedintoadecade-longslump.HowwillWal-Martbringtobearitslegendarycost-cuttingsavvyinamarketalreadyaffectedbyfallingpricesAnalystsareunderstandablyskeptical."ItisuncertainwhetherWal-Mart’sbusinessmodelswillbeeffectiveinJapan"StandardgPoor’ssaidinaMar.18report. MuchdependsonwhetherSeiyuturnsouttobeagoodpartner.The39-year-oldretailerisamemberofthereputedSeibuSaisonretailgroupthatfellonhardtimesintheearly’90s.ItalsohasdeeptiestotradinghouseSumitomoCorp.whichwilltakea15%stakeintheventurewithWal-Mart.PerhapsthebestthingthatcanbesaidofSeiyu’s400-oddstoresisthatthey’renotasdeeplytroubledasotherlocalretailers.Stillthere’sagapingchasmbetweenthetwocorporatecultures."We’veneverbeenknownforcheapeverydaypricing"saysaSeiyuspokesman.AnotherpotentialproblemisSumitomowhichmaynotwanttoleanonsupplierstotheextentthatWal-Martroutinelydoes. Theclockisticking.Wal-Martexecutivessaytheyneedseveralmonthsto"study"thedealwithSeiyubeforeactingonitbutinthemeantimeanewwaveofhyper-competitiveJapaneseandforeignrivalsarecarvingupthemarket.IfWal-Martsucceedsitwillreduceitsrelianceonitshomemarketevenfurtherand——whoknows——itmayevenrevolutionizeJapaneseretailinginthesamewayithasintheU.S. ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4that
ThecurrentFrenchbestsellerlistsarewonderfullyeclectic.In1.thereiseverything2blockbusterthrillerstoCatherineMiller’sLaVieSexuelledeCatherineM.anovelwhichhasbeen3praisedashighartand4asupmarketporn.Thentherearenovels5thestickyquestionsofgoodand6LeDemonetMademoisellePrymandfaithversussciencemthemodernworldL’apparition.Philosophical7continueinthenon-fictionlist.8thisweekbyMichelOnfray’s"AntimanueldePhilosophic".awittytalk9someofphilosophy’sperennialdebates.ThosewholiketheirbigissuesinsmallchunksarealsoenjoyingFredericBeigbeder’sDernierInventaireavantLiquidation.asurveyofFrance’s1020th-centurybooks11withMr.Beigbeder’s12humourfromthetitleonThe50booksoftheCenturyChosenbyYouandCritiquedbyMe InBritain.meanwhilethereisoliveoilalloverthenon-fictionlist.It’samajor13forNigellaLawsonadomesticdivinityandcelebrity14whoselatest15ofrecipestopsthelist.AnnieHawesinsecond16.tookherself17tothesun-drenchedhillsofItalytogrowherownolivesandwriteabookaboutthemasdidCarolDrinkwaterjust18theborderinFrance.Fiction-wiseit’sbusinessas19withtherequisiteholidaymixofthrillersromancefantasyandHarryPotter.withTheGobletofFirestillburning20atnumberthree. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
MakingmoneyisadirtygamesaystheInstituteofEconomicAffairs.summinguptheattitudeofBritishnoveliststowardsbusiness.TheIEA.afreemarketthink-tankhasjustpublishedacollectionofessaysTheRepresentationofBusinessinEnglishLiteraturebyfiveacademicschroniclingthehostilityofthecountry’smenandwomenofletterstothesordidbusinessofmakingmoney.TheimplicationisthatBritain’seconomicperformanceIsretardedbyananti-industrialculture.RatherthanblamingrebelliousworkersandincompetentmanagersforBritain’seconomicworries.thenwecanputGeorgeOrwellandMartinAmisinthedockinstead.FromDickens’sScroogetoAmis’sJohnSelfinhis1980snovelMoneynovelistshaveconjureduparogue’sgalleryofmean.greedyamoralmoney-menthathasalienatedtheirimpressionablereadersfromthenoblepursuitofcapitalism.Theargumenthasbeenwellmadebeforemostfamouslyin1981byMartinWiener.anAmericanacademicinhisEnglishCultureandtheDeclineoftheIndustrialSpirit.LadyThatcherwasanadmirerofMr.Wiener’s.andsheledacrusadetorevivetheentrepreneurialculturewhichtheliberalelitehadallegedlytrampledunderfoot.ThepresentChancelloroftheExchequerGordonBrownsoundsasthoughheagreeswithher.AtarecentspeechtotheConfederationofBritishIndustryhedeclaredthatitshouldbethedutyofeveryteacherinthecountrytocommunicatethevirtuesofbusinessandenterprise.Certainlymostnovelistsarehostiletocapitalismbutthisrefrainrisksscapegoatingwritersforfailingsforwhichtheyarenottoblame.Britain’scultureisnomoreanti-businessthanthatofothercountries.TheRomanticMovement.whichstartedasareactionagainsttheindustrialrevolutionofthe21stcenturywasbornandflourishedinGermanybuthasnotstoppedtheGermansfrombeingEurope’smostsuccessfulentreprcneursandindustrialists.EventheAmericansareguiltyofblackeningbusiness’sname.SMERSHandSPECTREwentourwiththecoldwarJamesBondnowtakesoninternationalmediamagnatesratherthanRosaKleb.HisfilmssuchasErinBrockovichhavepitcheddowntroddenmoralheroesagainsttheeviloffacelesscorporatism.YetnoneofthisseemstohavedentedAmerica’slustforfreeenterprise.Theironyisthatthenovelflourishedasanartformonlyafterandasaresultof.thecreationofthenewcommercialclassesofVictorianEnglandjustasthemodemHollywoodfilmcanexistonlyinaneraofmassconsumerism.Perhapsthemoralisthatcapitalistsocietiesconsumeliteratureandfilmtoletoffsteamratherthantochangetheworld.GeorgeOrwellandMartinAmisshouldberesponsiblefortheretardedeconomybecause______.
Text2 Atsomepointduringtheireducationbiologystudentsaretoldaboutaconversationinapubthattookplaceover50yearsago.J.B.S.HaldaneaBritishgeneticistwasaskedwhetherhewouldlaydownhislifeforhiscountry.Afterdoingaquickcalculationonthebackofanapkinhesaidhewoulddosofortwobrothersoreightcousins.Inotherwordshewoulddietoprotecttheequivalentofhisgeneticcontributiontothenextgeneration. Thetheoryofkinselection--theideathatanimalscanpassontheirgenesbyhelpingtheircloserelatives——isbiology’sexplanationforseeminglyaltruisticacts.Anindividualcarryinggenesthatpromotealtruismmightbeexpectedtodieyoungerthanonewith"selfish"genesandthustohaveareducedcontributiontothenextgeneration’sgeneticpool. Butifthesameindividualactsaltruisticallytoprotectitsrelativesgenesforaltruisticbehaviormightneverthelesspropagate. Actsofapparentaltruismtonon-relativescanalsobeexplainedawayinwhathasbecomeacottageindustrywithinbiology.Ananimalmightcarefortheoffspringofanotherthatitisunrelatedtobecauseithopestoobtainthesamebenefitsforitselflateronaphenomenonknownasreciprocalaltruism.Thehunterwhogenerouslyshareshisspoilswithothersmaybedoingsoinordertosignalhissuperiorstatustofemalesandultimatelyboosthisbreedingsuccess.Theseapparentlyselflessactsarethereforedisguisedactsofself-interest. Alloftheseexamplesfiteconomists’argumentsthatHomosapiensisalsoHomoeconomicus——maximizingsomethingthateconomistscallutilityandbiologistsfitness.Butthereisaresiduumofhumanactivitythatdefiessuchexplanations:peoplecontributetocharitiesforthehomelessreturnlostwalletsdovoluntaryworkandtipwaitersinrestaurantstowhichtheydonotplantoreturn.Botheconomicrationalismandnaturalselectionofferfewexplanationsforsuchrandomactsofkindness.Norcantheyeasilyexplaintheopposite:spitefulbehaviorwhensomeoneharmshisowninterestinordertodamagethatofanother.Butpeoplearenowtryingtofindanswers. Whenanewphenomenonisrecognizedbyscienceanamealwayshelps.InapaperinHumanNatureDrFehrandhiscolleaguesargueforabehavioralpropensitytheycall"strongreciprocity".Thisnameisintendedtodistinguishitfromreciprocalaltruism.AccordingtoDrFehrapersonisastrongreciprocatorifheiswillingtosacrificeresourcestobekindtothosewhoarebeingkindandtopunishthosewhoarebeingunkind.Significandystrongreciprocatorswillbehavethiswayevenifdoingsoprovidesnoprospectofmaterialrewardsinthefuture. ThestoryofJ.B.S.Haldaneismentionedinthetext
Radiationoccursfromthreenaturalsources:radioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminhoneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100milliremsayearfortheaverageAmerican. Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalx-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation. AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithx-rayscontractedcancer.Anotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenx-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtore-examinetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk. RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation. 48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths. Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatereportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhasbeenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned. 47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtore-examinetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk.
ThecurrentFrenchbestsellerlistsarewonderfullyeclectic.In1.thereiseverything2blockbusterthrillerstoCatherineMiller’sLaVieSexuelledeCatherineM.anovelwhichhasbeen3praisedashighartand4asupmarketporn.Thentherearenovels5thestickyquestionsofgoodand6LeDemonetMademoisellePrymandfaithversussciencemthemodernworldL’apparition.Philosophical7continueinthenon-fictionlist.8thisweekbyMichelOnfray’s"AntimanueldePhilosophic".awittytalk9someofphilosophy’sperennialdebates.ThosewholiketheirbigissuesinsmallchunksarealsoenjoyingFredericBeigbeder’sDernierInventaireavantLiquidation.asurveyofFrance’s1020th-centurybooks11withMr.Beigbeder’s12humourfromthetitleonThe50booksoftheCenturyChosenbyYouandCritiquedbyMe InBritain.meanwhilethereisoliveoilalloverthenon-fictionlist.It’samajor13forNigellaLawsonadomesticdivinityandcelebrity14whoselatest15ofrecipestopsthelist.AnnieHawesinsecond16.tookherself17tothesun-drenchedhillsofItalytogrowherownolivesandwriteabookaboutthemasdidCarolDrinkwaterjust18theborderinFrance.Fiction-wiseit’sbusinessas19withtherequisiteholidaymixofthrillersromancefantasyandHarryPotter.withTheGobletofFirestillburning20atnumberthree. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
TheuseofnuclearpowerhasalreadyspreadallovertheworldHoweverscientistsstillhavenot1onwhatshouldbedonewiththelarge2ofwastematerialthattendtoincreaseeveryyear.Mostwastematerialsaredealr3simplybyplacingthem4.Butnuclearwaste5bedealtwithverycarefully.Itgives6dangerousradiationanditwillcontinuetobe7forhundredsthousandsevenmil-lionsofyears.Howshouldwegetridofsuchwastematerialina8thatitwillnotharmtheenvironment?Wherecanwesafely9it?Oneideaistoputthis10wasteinsidea11container12isthendroppedtothedeepbottomoftheocean.Butsomescientistsbelievethatthiswayofdealingwithnuclearwastecouldkillfishandotherlivingthingsintheoceans13interfere干扰withtheirgrowth..Anotherway14nuclearwasteistosenditintospacetothesun15itwouldbeburned.Somescientistssuggestssuggestthatthispollutingmaterial16buriedthousandsofmetersunderthe17surface.Suchunder-groundareasmustbelree18possibleearthquakes.Advanceidbeing19Butitmaystillbemanyyears20thisproblemcouldbefinallysettled. 19
TheuseofnuclearpowerhasalreadyspreadallovertheworldHoweverscientistsstillhavenot1onwhatshouldbedonewiththelarge2ofwastematerialthattendtoincreaseeveryyear.Mostwastematerialsaredealr3simplybyplacingthem4.Butnuclearwaste5bedealtwithverycarefully.Itgives6dangerousradiationanditwillcontinuetobe7forhundredsthousandsevenmil-lionsofyears.Howshouldwegetridofsuchwastematerialina8thatitwillnotharmtheenvironment?Wherecanwesafely9it?Oneideaistoputthis10wasteinsidea11container12isthendroppedtothedeepbottomoftheocean.Butsomescientistsbelievethatthiswayofdealingwithnuclearwastecouldkillfishandotherlivingthingsintheoceans13interfere干扰withtheirgrowth..Anotherway14nuclearwasteistosenditintospacetothesun15itwouldbeburned.Somescientistssuggestssuggestthatthispollutingmaterial16buriedthousandsofmetersunderthe17surface.Suchunder-groundareasmustbelree18possibleearthquakes.Advanceidbeing19Butitmaystillbemanyyears20thisproblemcouldbefinallysettled. 17
ThecurrentFrenchbestsellerlistsarewonderfullyeclectic.In1.thereiseverything2blockbusterthrillerstoCatherineMiller’sLaVieSexuelledeCatherineM.anovelwhichhasbeen3praisedashighartand4asupmarketporn.Thentherearenovels5thestickyquestionsofgoodand6LeDemonetMademoisellePrymandfaithversussciencemthemodernworldL’apparition.Philosophical7continueinthenon-fictionlist.8thisweekbyMichelOnfray’s"AntimanueldePhilosophic".awittytalk9someofphilosophy’sperennialdebates.ThosewholiketheirbigissuesinsmallchunksarealsoenjoyingFredericBeigbeder’sDernierInventaireavantLiquidation.asurveyofFrance’s1020th-centurybooks11withMr.Beigbeder’s12humourfromthetitleonThe50booksoftheCenturyChosenbyYouandCritiquedbyMe InBritain.meanwhilethereisoliveoilalloverthenon-fictionlist.It’samajor13forNigellaLawsonadomesticdivinityandcelebrity14whoselatest15ofrecipestopsthelist.AnnieHawesinsecond16.tookherself17tothesun-drenchedhillsofItalytogrowherownolivesandwriteabookaboutthemasdidCarolDrinkwaterjust18theborderinFrance.Fiction-wiseit’sbusinessas19withtherequisiteholidaymixofthrillersromancefantasyandHarryPotter.withTheGobletofFirestillburning20atnumberthree. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Text3 OnMar.14whenWal-MartStoresInc.announceditsfirstforayintoJapantheBentonvilleArk.retailinggiantplacedabigbetthatitcouldsucceedwherecountlessotherforeigncompanieshavefailed.InthepastfiveyearsanumberoffamousWesternbrandshavebeenforcedtocloseupshopafterfailingtocatchoninJapanoneoftheworld’slargest——butmostvariable——consumermarkets. MayWal-MartmakeagoofitwhereothershavestumbledOnegoodsignisthatthemassmarketerisnotrushinginblindly.Ithastakenaninitial6.1%stakeinailingfood-and-clothingchainSeiyuLtd.whichitcanraisetoacontrolling33.4%byyearendandto66.7%by2007.ThatgivesWal-Marttimetoreviseitsstrategy——orrunfortheexits. ThequestioniswhetherWal-MartcanapplythelessonsithaslearnedinotherpartsofAsiatoJapan.Thisafterallisanationofnotoriouslyfinickyconsumers——whohavebecomeevenmoresosinceJapanslippedintoadecade-longslump.HowwillWal-Martbringtobearitslegendarycost-cuttingsavvyinamarketalreadyaffectedbyfallingpricesAnalystsareunderstandablyskeptical."ItisuncertainwhetherWal-Mart’sbusinessmodelswillbeeffectiveinJapan"StandardgPoor’ssaidinaMar.18report. MuchdependsonwhetherSeiyuturnsouttobeagoodpartner.The39-year-oldretailerisamemberofthereputedSeibuSaisonretailgroupthatfellonhardtimesintheearly’90s.ItalsohasdeeptiestotradinghouseSumitomoCorp.whichwilltakea15%stakeintheventurewithWal-Mart.PerhapsthebestthingthatcanbesaidofSeiyu’s400-oddstoresisthatthey’renotasdeeplytroubledasotherlocalretailers.Stillthere’sagapingchasmbetweenthetwocorporatecultures."We’veneverbeenknownforcheapeverydaypricing"saysaSeiyuspokesman.AnotherpotentialproblemisSumitomowhichmaynotwanttoleanonsupplierstotheextentthatWal-Martroutinelydoes. Theclockisticking.Wal-Martexecutivessaytheyneedseveralmonthsto"study"thedealwithSeiyubeforeactingonitbutinthemeantimeanewwaveofhyper-competitiveJapaneseandforeignrivalsarecarvingupthemarket.IfWal-Martsucceedsitwillreduceitsrelianceonitshomemarketevenfurtherand——whoknows——itmayevenrevolutionizeJapaneseretailinginthesamewayithasintheU.S. ThephrasemakeagoofitParagraph1mostprobablymeans
Text1 YasuhisaShizokia51-yearoldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable."Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocess"hesaysbluntly"wearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem."WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems. Sinceco-writingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMrShiozakihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMrKoizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt. AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMrKoizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepolitics:towardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow.Unfortunatelydamagelimitationinthefaceofscandaltoooftensubstitutesforrealreform.Moreoftenthescandalsservemerelyasdistractions.Whatisreallyneededisanoverhauloftherulesthemselves. Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40-year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed--throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability. Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowboughtintooneofMrKoizumi’sbestslogans:"ChangetheLDPchangeJapan." TheexpressiontheLDPmandarinsParagraph4mostprobablymeans
ThecurrentFrenchbestsellerlistsarewonderfullyeclectic.In1.thereiseverything2blockbusterthrillerstoCatherineMiller’sLaVieSexuelledeCatherineM.anovelwhichhasbeen3praisedashighartand4asupmarketporn.Thentherearenovels5thestickyquestionsofgoodand6LeDemonetMademoisellePrymandfaithversussciencemthemodernworldL’apparition.Philosophical7continueinthenon-fictionlist.8thisweekbyMichelOnfray’s"AntimanueldePhilosophic".awittytalk9someofphilosophy’sperennialdebates.ThosewholiketheirbigissuesinsmallchunksarealsoenjoyingFredericBeigbeder’sDernierInventaireavantLiquidation.asurveyofFrance’s1020th-centurybooks11withMr.Beigbeder’s12humourfromthetitleonThe50booksoftheCenturyChosenbyYouandCritiquedbyMe InBritain.meanwhilethereisoliveoilalloverthenon-fictionlist.It’samajor13forNigellaLawsonadomesticdivinityandcelebrity14whoselatest15ofrecipestopsthelist.AnnieHawesinsecond16.tookherself17tothesun-drenchedhillsofItalytogrowherownolivesandwriteabookaboutthemasdidCarolDrinkwaterjust18theborderinFrance.Fiction-wiseit’sbusinessas19withtherequisiteholidaymixofthrillersromancefantasyandHarryPotter.withTheGobletofFirestillburning20atnumberthree. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
[A]Thegoldenwedding-ringwasputonherfinger [B]Theforeigngroomandthelocalbride [C]Angelschildrenescortingthebride [D]Weddinghall [E]Templeandatheisticgroom [F]Townhallahappybrideandgroom Ornamentingthetwofingersisonlythefirststepofthe"longmarch".Angelwasneverasoverloadedastodayrunningfromheretotherebusyorderinginvitationcardsandweddingclothesbookingchurchandrestaurantcheckingavailabilityofthephotographerthepastorandtheofficialinthetownhalllookingforanewhome.Shewashappyandexcited.Howeverthislongweddingpreparationprocessloadeddownwithtrivialdetailsgavemeabigheadache.InFrancemoreandmoreFrenchcohabitinsteadofmarrying.Howeverwhentheydecidetomarrytheystilltaketheirweddingceremonyseriouslyandusuallyfollowtheneverchangingthreetraditionalchapters. 41．_______________________. Thethirdchapteristheweddingbreakfastfollowedbyadance.Thefirstandthesecondchapterarethecivilweddingandthechurchwedding.Afterthechurchweddingthenewly-wedsnormallyinvitetheirparentsandfriendstotakepartinasumptuousmealanddanceintheevening.Afterchampagneflutesareraisedallaroundthedancingstarts.Thenewly-wedstaketheleaddancinglightlyandfinishtheeveningbytiredlytrippingintotheirbridalchamberandthusterminatethelastchapteroftheFrenchmarriage. 42．_______________________. Igrewupinthelastseventiesandearlyeightiesthe"simplewedding"advocatedbytheChinesegovernmenthadbeeningrainedinmymind.OnedayfinallyIcouldnothelprevealingmywishforasimplewedding:"Darlingyourweddingplansarefartoolongandover-elaborate.Let’ssimplifythemandreducethreechapterstoonlyone.It’senoughtogetmarriedinthetownhall!....No!Marriageisthemostimportanteventinmylife.Iwanttomakeitgrandandunforgettable."Angelrefusedtoconcede.HoweverIreallywantedtoescapethechurchwedding."HoneyIwasn’tbaptizedandbeinganatheistIamnotallowedtogotochurch.Achurchweddingisaburdenforanatheistlikemeandthechurchweddingforanatheistisalsoagainstchurchrules!"IpresentedmyviewsvehementlybelievingIhadthebestexcuseintheworld."Mydearmarriageisasacredaffair;wemustgotothechurch.Youareonlyawareofoneaspectofathingbutignorantofanother.IamaProtestant;therearenostrictcanonsandmumbo-jumbosinProtestantism.IfoneofthetwoisProtestanttheyarestillallowedtomarryinaProtestantchurch."Iwasrenderedspeechless. 43．_______________________. Thesacredmomentarrived.Theforeigngroomandthelocalbridesurroundedbyherfamilymembersarrivedatthemarriagehall."Doyoutakethiswomanasyourwife""Yes!"Amyriadofthoughtswelledupinmymind:"I’dquitmyhighly-covetedjobinChinaandgonethroughinnumerabletrialsandtribulationstocometoEuropetojoinmyChineseloverbutIwasjilted.NowI’dfoundanoasisoflovebutfarfrommyhomeland.Thegirlwithmetodaythoughfromadifferentculturalbackgroundwithadifferentwayofthinkingandbehavingissimplepureandkindheartedlikeanangel.I’dsufferedfromthewanderinglifeinEurope.Butaftersufferingcomeshappiness.Inafewminutesshewillproclaimtheendofmywanderingandhomelesslife."FullofdeepfeelingIgazedatthiswesternbeautyshiningwithdazzlingsplendorandheldherhandtightinmine. 44．_______________________. "Doyoutakethismanasyourhusband"BrimmingwithtearschokingwithsobsAngelnoddedherapproval.BeingatraditionalFrenchgirlshe’dneverexpectedthatshewouldhavefallenintothetemptationofthe"goodbutcheapChinesemerchandise"beforeherandwouldhavecrossedthefrontierbetweenChineseandFrenchculturestomarryamanwithanexoticaccentandaflatnose! 45_______________________. ThechurchwasresoundingwiththeweddingsonataangelandIwalkeduptothepastortothebeatofthemusic.Handinhandheartwithheartfulloftenderaffectionwegavealltherightanswerstohisquestions.Thegoldenwedding-ringonherleftfingerandpairedupwithherengagementringontherightringfingerbothcomplementingeachother’sradianceandbeauty.Angelnowwithtworingsbecameareal"valuable"bride.Sheslippedmyfingerwithasimpleringontomyfingerandatthesametimecapturingmywanderingheart. ThateveningItheforeigngroomwithmyErrutwo-stringedChineseviolintogetherwithAngelthelocalbridewithherviolinsuccessfullyperformedthemostbeautifulconcertoofcrossbordermarriage."Thatspringiscomingtheearthissmiling..."thehallwasresoundingtothestrainsofStrauss’joyfulwaltzwhileweweretrippingawayinadance.Attheclimaxofthemusicweswirledsoquicklythatbothofusfeltourselvesswoonintheglamourofourcrossbordermarriage. 45
ThecurrentFrenchbestsellerlistsarewonderfullyeclectic.In1.thereiseverything2blockbusterthrillerstoCatherineMiller’sLaVieSexuelledeCatherineM.anovelwhichhasbeen3praisedashighartand4asupmarketporn.Thentherearenovels5thestickyquestionsofgoodand6LeDemonetMademoisellePrymandfaithversussciencemthemodernworldL’apparition.Philosophical7continueinthenon-fictionlist.8thisweekbyMichelOnfray’s"AntimanueldePhilosophic".awittytalk9someofphilosophy’sperennialdebates.ThosewholiketheirbigissuesinsmallchunksarealsoenjoyingFredericBeigbeder’sDernierInventaireavantLiquidation.asurveyofFrance’s1020th-centurybooks11withMr.Beigbeder’s12humourfromthetitleonThe50booksoftheCenturyChosenbyYouandCritiquedbyMe InBritain.meanwhilethereisoliveoilalloverthenon-fictionlist.It’samajor13forNigellaLawsonadomesticdivinityandcelebrity14whoselatest15ofrecipestopsthelist.AnnieHawesinsecond16.tookherself17tothesun-drenchedhillsofItalytogrowherownolivesandwriteabookaboutthemasdidCarolDrinkwaterjust18theborderinFrance.Fiction-wiseit’sbusinessas19withtherequisiteholidaymixofthrillersromancefantasyandHarryPotter.withTheGobletofFirestillburning20atnumberthree. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkA.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
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