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WhenaShanghaiadconsultantwasrecentlyaskedtorecommendyounglocaldesignerstoaninternationalagencyhesentthreecandidateswithyearsofworkexperience.Butthecompanydecidedtheyweren’tgoodenoughandhadtoimportdesignersfromtheWest.It’sacommonproblemthatChinesevocationalgradssimplyhaven’thadgoodenoughteaching.Mostofthelecturersdon’thaveanyrealworkexperiencesotheycan’tteachusefulthings.Whengraduatesdogethiredtheybasicallyhavetobere-educated.China’srapideconomicexpansionhasexposedmanyfrailtiesinitseducationsystemespeciallyonthevocationalside.Thecountrycan’tproduceenoughskilledworkers.Inpartthat’sbecauseitinvestsfarmoreinacademicthanvocationalprograms.Fundinghasfallensignificantlysincethe1990s.Partlyasaresulttodayonly38percentorsoofChina’shigh-school-agestudentsattendvocationalschoolswellbelowtheofficialtargetof50percent.ToaddressthisdeficitlastyearBeijingpledgedtospendalmost$2billionon100newvocationalcollegesand1000highschools.Andthisyearitstartedofferingannualsubsidiestovocationalstudents.ButChina’strainingistooabstractwhat’surgentlyrequiredaretechnicianswhocancomeupwithagoodideaandturnitintoamarketableproduct.Partsofthecountryarealreadyadapting;inShenzhenlocalinstitutesoffermadetoordertrainingforparticularbusinesses.Andsomevocationalcollegeshaveintroducedpracticalresearchprojects.Butvocationaleducationfacesadeeperproblem:itsimage.China’smiddleclassiseagertoforgetitsexperiencewithphysicallaborandfewallowtheirchildrentobecometechnicalworkers.Everyonethinksthesearethingsthatlow-classpeopledo.ThusChinanowproducesrecordnumbersofcollegegrads--whostruggletofindworkbecausetheylacktheskillsformanufacturingwheredemandisgreatest.Onefixwouldbetore-brandvocationalsubjectsasprofessionalnotmanualskills.AttheotherendofthespectrumareChina’s100million-plusruralmigrantworkersmanyofwhomhavelittleschooling.Theyhaveneverlearnedhowtoworkwithotherstoliveinthecitysavemoneyorchoosetherightjob.Thustheyfindithardtolearnfromtheirjobsorplantheircareers.Thisresultsinextremelyhighlaborturnover.Teachingandtraininglifeskillstocomplementvocationalprogramswouldhelp.YettheurgencyofChina’sskilled-laborshortfallwillforcearethink.FornowChinaisrelyingoncheaplow-skilledlabor-intensiveproductionbutit’snotsustainableinthelongtermWemustraiseourskillslevelandit’simpossibleforstate-runcollegestodoallthetraining.IndeedwiththedemandforskilledworkersgrowingallthetimeChinawillneedallthehelpitcanget.Intheauthor’sopinionthebestwaytosolveamoreseriousproblemofChinesevocationaleducationis______.
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points13
WhenaShanghaiadconsultantwasrecentlyaskedtorecommendyounglocaldesignerstoaninternationalagencyhesentthreecandidateswithyearsofworkexperience.Butthecompanydecidedtheyweren’tgoodenoughandhadtoimportdesignersfromtheWest.It’sacommonproblemthatChinesevocationalgradssimplyhaven’thadgoodenoughteaching.Mostofthelecturersdon’thaveanyrealworkexperiencesotheycan’tteachusefulthings.Whengraduatesdogethiredtheybasicallyhavetobere-educated.China’srapideconomicexpansionhasexposedmanyfrailtiesinitseducationsystemespeciallyonthevocationalside.Thecountrycan’tproduceenoughskilledworkers.Inpartthat’sbecauseitinvestsfarmoreinacademicthanvocationalprograms.Fundinghasfallensignificantlysincethe1990s.Partlyasaresulttodayonly38percentorsoofChina’shigh-school-agestudentsattendvocationalschoolswellbelowtheofficialtargetof50percent.ToaddressthisdeficitlastyearBeijingpledgedtospendalmost$2billionon100newvocationalcollegesand1000highschools.Andthisyearitstartedofferingannualsubsidiestovocationalstudents.ButChina’strainingistooabstractwhat’surgentlyrequiredaretechnicianswhocancomeupwithagoodideaandturnitintoamarketableproduct.Partsofthecountryarealreadyadapting;inShenzhenlocalinstitutesoffermadetoordertrainingforparticularbusinesses.Andsomevocationalcollegeshaveintroducedpracticalresearchprojects.Butvocationaleducationfacesadeeperproblem:itsimage.China’smiddleclassiseagertoforgetitsexperiencewithphysicallaborandfewallowtheirchildrentobecometechnicalworkers.Everyonethinksthesearethingsthatlow-classpeopledo.ThusChinanowproducesrecordnumbersofcollegegrads--whostruggletofindworkbecausetheylacktheskillsformanufacturingwheredemandisgreatest.Onefixwouldbetore-brandvocationalsubjectsasprofessionalnotmanualskills.AttheotherendofthespectrumareChina’s100million-plusruralmigrantworkersmanyofwhomhavelittleschooling.Theyhaveneverlearnedhowtoworkwithotherstoliveinthecitysavemoneyorchoosetherightjob.Thustheyfindithardtolearnfromtheirjobsorplantheircareers.Thisresultsinextremelyhighlaborturnover.Teachingandtraininglifeskillstocomplementvocationalprogramswouldhelp.YettheurgencyofChina’sskilled-laborshortfallwillforcearethink.FornowChinaisrelyingoncheaplow-skilledlabor-intensiveproductionbutit’snotsustainableinthelongtermWemustraiseourskillslevelandit’simpossibleforstate-runcollegestodoallthetraining.IndeedwiththedemandforskilledworkersgrowingallthetimeChinawillneedallthehelpitcanget.WhyareChinesevocationalgradsinferiortotheirWesterncounterparts
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestand10eachother. Thebodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunicationloudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Finallyitconveysouremotionsandattitudes.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturecommunication. Everyculturehasitsown"bodylanguage"andchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmencrosseshislegsis16likethewayamateAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimes--thebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestand10eachother. Thebodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunicationloudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Finallyitconveysouremotionsandattitudes.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturecommunication. Everyculturehasitsown"bodylanguage"andchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmencrosseshislegsis16likethewayamateAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimes--thebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.13
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points7
WhenaShanghaiadconsultantwasrecentlyaskedtorecommendyounglocaldesignerstoaninternationalagencyhesentthreecandidateswithyearsofworkexperience.Butthecompanydecidedtheyweren’tgoodenoughandhadtoimportdesignersfromtheWest.It’sacommonproblemthatChinesevocationalgradssimplyhaven’thadgoodenoughteaching.Mostofthelecturersdon’thaveanyrealworkexperiencesotheycan’tteachusefulthings.Whengraduatesdogethiredtheybasicallyhavetobere-educated.China’srapideconomicexpansionhasexposedmanyfrailtiesinitseducationsystemespeciallyonthevocationalside.Thecountrycan’tproduceenoughskilledworkers.Inpartthat’sbecauseitinvestsfarmoreinacademicthanvocationalprograms.Fundinghasfallensignificantlysincethe1990s.Partlyasaresulttodayonly38percentorsoofChina’shigh-school-agestudentsattendvocationalschoolswellbelowtheofficialtargetof50percent.ToaddressthisdeficitlastyearBeijingpledgedtospendalmost$2billionon100newvocationalcollegesand1000highschools.Andthisyearitstartedofferingannualsubsidiestovocationalstudents.ButChina’strainingistooabstractwhat’surgentlyrequiredaretechnicianswhocancomeupwithagoodideaandturnitintoamarketableproduct.Partsofthecountryarealreadyadapting;inShenzhenlocalinstitutesoffermadetoordertrainingforparticularbusinesses.Andsomevocationalcollegeshaveintroducedpracticalresearchprojects.Butvocationaleducationfacesadeeperproblem:itsimage.China’smiddleclassiseagertoforgetitsexperiencewithphysicallaborandfewallowtheirchildrentobecometechnicalworkers.Everyonethinksthesearethingsthatlow-classpeopledo.ThusChinanowproducesrecordnumbersofcollegegrads--whostruggletofindworkbecausetheylacktheskillsformanufacturingwheredemandisgreatest.Onefixwouldbetore-brandvocationalsubjectsasprofessionalnotmanualskills.AttheotherendofthespectrumareChina’s100million-plusruralmigrantworkersmanyofwhomhavelittleschooling.Theyhaveneverlearnedhowtoworkwithotherstoliveinthecitysavemoneyorchoosetherightjob.Thustheyfindithardtolearnfromtheirjobsorplantheircareers.Thisresultsinextremelyhighlaborturnover.Teachingandtraininglifeskillstocomplementvocationalprogramswouldhelp.YettheurgencyofChina’sskilled-laborshortfallwillforcearethink.FornowChinaisrelyingoncheaplow-skilledlabor-intensiveproductionbutit’snotsustainableinthelongtermWemustraiseourskillslevelandit’simpossibleforstate-runcollegestodoallthetraining.IndeedwiththedemandforskilledworkersgrowingallthetimeChinawillneedallthehelpitcanget.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsvocationaleducationinChina
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestand10eachother. Thebodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunicationloudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Finallyitconveysouremotionsandattitudes.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturecommunication. Everyculturehasitsown"bodylanguage"andchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmencrosseshislegsis16likethewayamateAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimes--thebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Onethingthatdistinguishestheonlineworldfromtherealoneisthatitisveryeasytofindthings.TofindacopyofTheEconomistinprintonehastogotoanewsstandwhichmayormaynotcarryit.Findingitonlinethoughisadifferentproposition.JustgotoGoogletypeitin"economist"andyouwillbeinstantlydirectedtoeconomist.com.46IndeeduntilGooglenowtheworld’smostpopularsearchenginecameontothesceneinSeptember1998searchingonlinewasahit-or-missaffair. Googlewasvastlybetterthananythingthathadcomebefore:somuchbetterinfactthatitchangedthewaymanypeopleusetheweb.47Almostovernightitmadethewebfarmoreusefulparticularlyfornon-specialistusersmanyofwhomregardGoogleastheInternet’sfrontdoor.It’snowaworldwidephenomenon.NotonlyhasitmadetheInternetintoanextremelyfastandvaluableresearchtoolit’sbecomeacommonwordandhasevencreatedanewverb"togoogle."48TherecentfussoverGoogle’sstockmarketflotationobscuresitsfarwidersocialsignificance:fewtechnologiesafterallaresoinfluentialthattheirnameshavebecomeahouseholdverbsuchasthecloningtechnologycreatestheverb"toclone". Googlebeganin1998asanacademicresearchprojectbySergeyBrinandLawrencePagewhowerethengraduatestudentsatStanfordUniversityinPaloAltoCalifornia.Itwasnotthefirstsearchengineofcourse.49Existingsearchengineswereabletoscanalargeportionofthewebbuildanindexandthenfindpagesthatmatchedparticularwordsbutwerelessgoodatpresentingthosepageswhichmightnumberinthehundredsofthousandsinausefulway. Mr.Brin’sandMr.Page’saccomplishmentwastodeviseawaytosorttheresultsbydeterminingwhichpageswerelikelytobemostrelevant.TheydidsobyusingamathematicalprogramcalledPageRank.50ThisprogramisattheheartofGoogle’ssuccessdistinguishingitfromallsearchenginesandaccountingforitsapparentlymagicalabilitytofindthemostusefulwebpages.Withthispowerfulability.Googledistinguisheditselffromamongallthesearchenginesandbecameanestablishedstandingresearchtoolintheonlineworld. Existingsearchengineswereabletoscanalargeportionofthewebbuildanindexandthenfindpagesthatmatchedparticularwordsbutwerelessgoodatpresentingthosepageswhichmightnumberinthehundredsofthousandsinausefulway.
Directions:YouandyourfriendjustarrivedhomefromatriparrangedbyatravelagencynamedHappyTours.YouaremostunsatisfiedwiththeserviceandarrangementofthetravelagencyandyoudecidetowritealetterofcomplainttotheManagerofHappyTours.Imaginesomedetailsofthistrip.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Ithasoftenbeenremarkedthatthesaddestthingaboutyouthisthatitiswastedontheyoung.ReadingarecentnewspaperreportonasurveyconductedamongcollegefreshmenIrecalledtheregret "IfonlyIknewthenwhatIknownow." ThesurveydisclosedwhatIhadalreadysuspectedfrominformalpollsofstudents.Accordingtothesurveywhichwasbasedontheresponsesofover188000studentstoday’straditional-agecollegefreshmenare"morematerialisticandlessaltruistic". 41.______.Itfollowsthenthattodaythemostpopularcourseisnotliteratureorhistorybutaccounting.Interestinteachingsocialserviceandthe"altruistic"fieldsisatalowalongwithethnicandwomen’sstudies.Ontheotherhandenrollmentinbusinessprogramsengineeringandcomputerscienceiswayup. 42.______. FranklyI’mproudoftheyoungladynotherattitudebuthersuccess.Butwhycan’twehaveitbothwaysCan’tweeducatepeopleforlifeaswellasforacareerIbelievewecan.Ifwe’renotthenthatisafaultofoureducationalsystem--elementarysecondaryandhigher.Inatimeofincreasingspecializationatimewhen90percentofallthescientistswhohaveeverlivedarecurrentlyalivemorethaneverweneedtoknowwhatistrulyimportantinlife. 43.______. Mostofusfinallycometorealizethatqualityoflifeisnotentirelydeterminedbyhowmuchweearn.Sureeveryonewantstobefinanciallycomfortablebutwealsowanttofeelthatwehaveaperspectiveontheworldbeyondtheconfinesofouroccupation;wewanttobeabletorenderservicetoourfellowmanandtotheworld. 44.______. Itisequallytruethatinstudyingthediversewisdomofotherswelearnhowtothink.Moreimportantperhapseducationteachesustoseetheconnectionsbetweenthingsaswellastoseebeyondourimmediateneeds. 45.______. Inthelongrunthat’swhateducationreallyoughttobeabout.AndIthinkitcanbe.That’sthewayitshouldbe.OscarWildehaditrightwhenhesaidthatweoughttogiveourabilitytoourworkbutourgeniustoourlives.Let’shopeoureducatorsanswerthestudentscriesforcareereducationbutatthesametimelet’sensurethatthestudentsarepreparedforthedaywhentheyrealizetheirfolly.There’salotmoretolifethanajob. [A]Academicemphasisoncompetitionrationalityandexternalsacknowledgesonlyonekindofknowing.Itmakesstudentsdevaluetheirinnerselvesorlargersocialpurposes. [B]Notsurprisinginthesehardtimesthestudent’smajorobjective"istobefinanciallywelloff."Lessimportantthaneverisdevelopingameaningfulphilosophyoflife. [C]Educationmustmeettheneedsofthehumanspirit.Itmustassiststudentstodevelopasatisfactorypersonalphilosophyandsenseofvalues;tocultivatetastesforliteraturemusicandthearts;togrowinabilitytoanalyzeproblemsandarriveatthoughtfulconclusions. [D]That’snosurpriseeither.Afriendofmineasalesrepresentativeforachemicalcompanywasmakingtwicethesalaryofhercollegeinstructorsduringherfirstyearonthejob.Andthatwasfouryearsago;Shemustbeearningmuchmorenow. [E]Mostpeoplesomewherebetweentheagesof30and50finallyarriveattheinevitableconclusionthattheycoulddomorethanservingacorporationagovernmentagencyorwhatever. [F]Butthemostimportantargumentforabroadeducationisthatinstudyingtheaccumulatedwisdomoftheagesweimproveourmoralsense. [G]Whileit’struethatweallneedacareerpreferablyaprofitableoneitisequallytruethatourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge--beitscientificorartistic. 45
It’seasytogetthesensethesedaysthatyou’vestumbledintoapartywithsomepowerfuldrugthatdramaticallyaltersidentity.Thefacesarefamiliarbutthewordscomingoutofthemaren’t.Somethinghashappenedtoalotofpeopleyouusedtothinkyouknew.They’vechangedintosomethingliketheirownopposite.There’sBillGateswhothesedaysisspendinglesstimeearningmoneythangivingitaway--andpullingotherbillionairesintothedeependofglobalphilanthropy慈善事业withhim.There’shistorianFrancisFukuyamaleadingawholegangofdisaffectedfellowtravelersawayfromneoconservatism.Toflip-flopishuman.Itcanstillsometimesbeapoliticalliabilityevidenceofaflakydispositionorrankopportunism.Buttherearecircumstancesinwhichnottoreversecourseseemsalmostpathological病态的.He’samodelofconsistencyStephenColbertsaidlastyearofGeorgeW.Bush:HebelievesthesamethingWednesdaythathebelievedonMonday--nomatterwhathappenedonTuesday.OverthepastthreeyearsIfoundpeoplewhohadpulledabigU-turnintheirlives.Oftentheinsightcameinaforehead-smitingmomentinthemiddleofthenight:I’vegotitallwrong.Itlookedatfirstlikeasprinklingofoutliersbeyondthecurveofnormalhumanexperience.Butwhenyousteppedbackapatternemerged.Whatthesepersonalturnshadincommonwastheapprehensionthatwe’reallconnected.Everythingleansonsomethingisbothdependentanddependedon.ThedifferencebetweenyouandmeavisitingChinesestudenttoldUniversityofMichiganpsychologistRichardNisbettnotlongagoisthatIthinktheworldisacircleandyouthinkit’saline.TheremarkpromptedtheprofessortowriteabookTheGeographyofThoughtaboutthedifferencesbetweentheWesternandtheAsianmind.ToWesternthinkingtheworldislinear;youcanchopitupandanalyzeitandwecanallworkonourlittlepartoftheprojectindependentlyuntilit’ssolved.TheclassicallyEasternmindaccordingtoNisbettseesthingsdifferently:theworldisn’talengthofropebutavastclosedchainincomprehensiblycomplexandeverchanging.Whenyoulookatlifefromthissecondperspectivesomeunlikelyconnectionsrevealthemselves.IrealizedthiswaswhatalmostalltheU-turnshadincommon:peoplehadswungaroundtofaceEast.Theyhadstoppedthinkinginalineandstartedthinkinginacircle.Moralitywaslookinglesslikeasetofrulesandmorelikeastoryoneinwhichtheywerepartofanensemblecastnolongerthestar.AccordingtothetextonedifferencebetweenWesternandEasternmindswasthat______.
ShortofmoneyNeedaninstantloanSincetheearly1990syourbestbethasbeentogotothelow-rentendoftownandfindanappointedloan-shop.Thereyoucanborrowmoneyinsmallamountsgenerallynotmuchmorethan$500againstyourpost-datedpay-cheque.Youwillbechargedaround$15interestforevery$100youborrow--andthatispermonth.Formanypeoplethereisnoalternative.Banksrefusetomakesmallloansbecausethereisnomoneyinitandcompletelyunregulatedlendingviatheinternetorloansharksistooalarming.AccordingtotheCommunityFinancialServicesAssociationanadvocacygroupfortheindustrymostborrowersareresponsibleandpayofftheirloansinatimelymanner.Butsomedon’t.TheCentreforResponsibleLendingaconsumergroupsaysthatmanyborrowersroutinelyrollovertheirloans.Thisquicklybringsthemintodebttraps.Atypicalborrowermayenduppaying$793fora$325loan.ThecentreestimatesthatpaydayloanscostAmericans$4.2billionayearininterestandfees.Theindustrythrivesinlargepartbecauseitoperatesmostlyoutsidestateusurylawsthatprohibitexcessiveinterestrates.Itsspokesmensaylendersneedsuchexemptionstomakeaprofitontheirbasicservicesmallloans.Lenderssaythattheirreturnswouldamounttopenniesonthedollarifinterestrateswerecapped.Infacttheysaysuchrestrictionswouldputthemoutofbusiness.Andthatisexactlywhatmanyoftheiropponentswouldliketosee--particularlywhenitcomestoloansmadetothefamiliesofsoldiers.InoneofthelastactsoftheRepublicanCongresspaydaylenderswererestrictedtointerestratesof36%onloanstomilitarypersonnelandtheirspouses.ThePentagonisworriedthatuniformedpersonnelespeciallythoseservinginIraqhavebeenlosingtheirsecurityclearancesbecauseofexcessivedebtathome.Thisamongotherthingswasleadingtothecostlyreassignmentofhighlytrainedtroopssuchascommunicationsexpertstoordinarylow-skilljobs.RobertFrankaneconomistatCornellUniversitywroterecentlyintheNewYorkTimesthattheindustry--notunlikethesub-primemortgagesector--isabeneficiaryofthesweepingderegulationofthefinancial-servicesindustrythathasmadecreditmoreaccessible.Itsadverseconsequenceshesayswerecompletelypredictable.Oncepoorpeoplegetinovertheirheadstheywillborrowthemselvesintobankruptcyifthelawpermits;andifweareunhappyaboutthattheonlysolutionistochangetherules./Whichofthefollowingcircumstancesismostunlikelytoberealized
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points3
Themoonappearstowarpthemindsofsomemen.Despiteputtingmenonthemoonin1969Americaseemsdeterminedonre-enactingthespaceracethistimepittingitseffortsagainstthoseoftheChinese.NowaRussiancompanyclaimsitcoulddevelopasystemtoexploitthemoon’snaturalresourcesandpotentiallyrelocateharmfulindustriesthere.Thisislunacy.Russiacertainlyhasgreatprowessinspace.InitsformerguiseasthecentreofpowerintheSovietUnionitlaunchedthefirstman-madesatellitein1957.InaspectacularfollowupYuriGagarinbecamethefirstpersoninspacein1961.Anothertriumphcamein1968whentheRussianssentaspaceshiptoorbitthemoonwithturtlesaboardreturningitanditslivingcargosafelytoEarth.AnunmannedRussianspacecraftalsolandedonthemoonaheadofthefirstmannedlandingbytheAmericans.EvenafterNeilArmstrongtookhisonesmallstepRussiahasproveditssuperiorityinkeepingpeopleinspacestationsorbitingtheEarth.TheRussianSoyuzrocketisamainstayofsatellitelaunchesandwouldbeusedtorescueastronautsshouldanyaccidentbefalltheInternationalSpaceStation.HeadofthespacecraftmanufacturerthathelpedachievetheseRussiansuccessesthisweekboastedthathisrocketscouldbeusedtoindustrialisethemoon.SowhywerehisremarksgreetedwithsuchscepticismOnereasonforthecynicismisthattheideaisabsurd.AUnitedNationstreatypassedin1967banspotentiallyharmfulinterferencewiththeEarth’soriginalsatelliteandrequiresinternationalconsultationbeforeproceedingwithanyactivitythatcoulddisruptthepeacefulexplorationofspaceincludingthemoon.AsecondproblemisthatlandingonthemoonhasprovedbeyondthebudgetofanystateotherthanAmericaandofanyprivatecompanytodate.Infactoneofthebesthopesforinvestmentcomesfromspacetourism.OnSaturdayApril7ththefifthsuchholidaymakerenteredspaceaboardaRussianSoyuzrocket.CharlesSimonyianAmericansoftwaredeveloperpaid$25mforhisten-daystayattheInternationalSpaceStation.Thenextholidaydestinationisthemoon.Thetouroperatorthatorganisedthefirstfivepackagesisofferingtwoticketstoorbitthemoonfor$100meach.LaunchwouldbeaboardaSoyuzspacecraft.ButtheSoyuzsystemwasdesignedinthe1960sandhasbeenonthevergeofretirementformanyyears.UnfortunatelytheRussianauthoritieshavepostponedindefinitelythedevelopmentofasuccessor.Thustheclaimoftheindustrialisationofthemoonisunlikelytosucceed.WhichofthefollowingisnotRussianachievementinspaceexploration
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestand10eachother. Thebodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunicationloudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Finallyitconveysouremotionsandattitudes.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturecommunication. Everyculturehasitsown"bodylanguage"andchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmencrosseshislegsis16likethewayamateAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimes--thebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.19
It’seasytogetthesensethesedaysthatyou’vestumbledintoapartywithsomepowerfuldrugthatdramaticallyaltersidentity.Thefacesarefamiliarbutthewordscomingoutofthemaren’t.Somethinghashappenedtoalotofpeopleyouusedtothinkyouknew.They’vechangedintosomethingliketheirownopposite.There’sBillGateswhothesedaysisspendinglesstimeearningmoneythangivingitaway--andpullingotherbillionairesintothedeependofglobalphilanthropy慈善事业withhim.There’shistorianFrancisFukuyamaleadingawholegangofdisaffectedfellowtravelersawayfromneoconservatism.Toflip-flopishuman.Itcanstillsometimesbeapoliticalliabilityevidenceofaflakydispositionorrankopportunism.Buttherearecircumstancesinwhichnottoreversecourseseemsalmostpathological病态的.He’samodelofconsistencyStephenColbertsaidlastyearofGeorgeW.Bush:HebelievesthesamethingWednesdaythathebelievedonMonday--nomatterwhathappenedonTuesday.OverthepastthreeyearsIfoundpeoplewhohadpulledabigU-turnintheirlives.Oftentheinsightcameinaforehead-smitingmomentinthemiddleofthenight:I’vegotitallwrong.Itlookedatfirstlikeasprinklingofoutliersbeyondthecurveofnormalhumanexperience.Butwhenyousteppedbackapatternemerged.Whatthesepersonalturnshadincommonwastheapprehensionthatwe’reallconnected.Everythingleansonsomethingisbothdependentanddependedon.ThedifferencebetweenyouandmeavisitingChinesestudenttoldUniversityofMichiganpsychologistRichardNisbettnotlongagoisthatIthinktheworldisacircleandyouthinkit’saline.TheremarkpromptedtheprofessortowriteabookTheGeographyofThoughtaboutthedifferencesbetweentheWesternandtheAsianmind.ToWesternthinkingtheworldislinear;youcanchopitupandanalyzeitandwecanallworkonourlittlepartoftheprojectindependentlyuntilit’ssolved.TheclassicallyEasternmindaccordingtoNisbettseesthingsdifferently:theworldisn’talengthofropebutavastclosedchainincomprehensiblycomplexandeverchanging.Whenyoulookatlifefromthissecondperspectivesomeunlikelyconnectionsrevealthemselves.IrealizedthiswaswhatalmostalltheU-turnshadincommon:peoplehadswungaroundtofaceEast.Theyhadstoppedthinkinginalineandstartedthinkinginacircle.Moralitywaslookinglesslikeasetofrulesandmorelikeastoryoneinwhichtheywerepartofanensemblecastnolongerthestar.Whatcanweinferfromfirsttwoparagraphs
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestand10eachother. Thebodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunicationloudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Finallyitconveysouremotionsandattitudes.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturecommunication. Everyculturehasitsown"bodylanguage"andchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmencrosseshislegsis16likethewayamateAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimes--thebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Ithasoftenbeenremarkedthatthesaddestthingaboutyouthisthatitiswastedontheyoung.ReadingarecentnewspaperreportonasurveyconductedamongcollegefreshmenIrecalledtheregret "IfonlyIknewthenwhatIknownow." ThesurveydisclosedwhatIhadalreadysuspectedfrominformalpollsofstudents.Accordingtothesurveywhichwasbasedontheresponsesofover188000studentstoday’straditional-agecollegefreshmenare"morematerialisticandlessaltruistic". 41.______.Itfollowsthenthattodaythemostpopularcourseisnotliteratureorhistorybutaccounting.Interestinteachingsocialserviceandthe"altruistic"fieldsisatalowalongwithethnicandwomen’sstudies.Ontheotherhandenrollmentinbusinessprogramsengineeringandcomputerscienceiswayup. 42.______. FranklyI’mproudoftheyoungladynotherattitudebuthersuccess.Butwhycan’twehaveitbothwaysCan’tweeducatepeopleforlifeaswellasforacareerIbelievewecan.Ifwe’renotthenthatisafaultofoureducationalsystem--elementarysecondaryandhigher.Inatimeofincreasingspecializationatimewhen90percentofallthescientistswhohaveeverlivedarecurrentlyalivemorethaneverweneedtoknowwhatistrulyimportantinlife. 43.______. Mostofusfinallycometorealizethatqualityoflifeisnotentirelydeterminedbyhowmuchweearn.Sureeveryonewantstobefinanciallycomfortablebutwealsowanttofeelthatwehaveaperspectiveontheworldbeyondtheconfinesofouroccupation;wewanttobeabletorenderservicetoourfellowmanandtotheworld. 44.______. Itisequallytruethatinstudyingthediversewisdomofotherswelearnhowtothink.Moreimportantperhapseducationteachesustoseetheconnectionsbetweenthingsaswellastoseebeyondourimmediateneeds. 45.______. Inthelongrunthat’swhateducationreallyoughttobeabout.AndIthinkitcanbe.That’sthewayitshouldbe.OscarWildehaditrightwhenhesaidthatweoughttogiveourabilitytoourworkbutourgeniustoourlives.Let’shopeoureducatorsanswerthestudentscriesforcareereducationbutatthesametimelet’sensurethatthestudentsarepreparedforthedaywhentheyrealizetheirfolly.There’salotmoretolifethanajob. [A]Academicemphasisoncompetitionrationalityandexternalsacknowledgesonlyonekindofknowing.Itmakesstudentsdevaluetheirinnerselvesorlargersocialpurposes. [B]Notsurprisinginthesehardtimesthestudent’smajorobjective"istobefinanciallywelloff."Lessimportantthaneverisdevelopingameaningfulphilosophyoflife. [C]Educationmustmeettheneedsofthehumanspirit.Itmustassiststudentstodevelopasatisfactorypersonalphilosophyandsenseofvalues;tocultivatetastesforliteraturemusicandthearts;togrowinabilitytoanalyzeproblemsandarriveatthoughtfulconclusions. [D]That’snosurpriseeither.Afriendofmineasalesrepresentativeforachemicalcompanywasmakingtwicethesalaryofhercollegeinstructorsduringherfirstyearonthejob.Andthatwasfouryearsago;Shemustbeearningmuchmorenow. [E]Mostpeoplesomewherebetweentheagesof30and50finallyarriveattheinevitableconclusionthattheycoulddomorethanservingacorporationagovernmentagencyorwhatever. [F]Butthemostimportantargumentforabroadeducationisthatinstudyingtheaccumulatedwisdomoftheagesweimproveourmoralsense. [G]Whileit’struethatweallneedacareerpreferablyaprofitableoneitisequallytruethatourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge--beitscientificorartistic. 41
Themoonappearstowarpthemindsofsomemen.Despiteputtingmenonthemoonin1969Americaseemsdeterminedonre-enactingthespaceracethistimepittingitseffortsagainstthoseoftheChinese.NowaRussiancompanyclaimsitcoulddevelopasystemtoexploitthemoon’snaturalresourcesandpotentiallyrelocateharmfulindustriesthere.Thisislunacy.Russiacertainlyhasgreatprowessinspace.InitsformerguiseasthecentreofpowerintheSovietUnionitlaunchedthefirstman-madesatellitein1957.InaspectacularfollowupYuriGagarinbecamethefirstpersoninspacein1961.Anothertriumphcamein1968whentheRussianssentaspaceshiptoorbitthemoonwithturtlesaboardreturningitanditslivingcargosafelytoEarth.AnunmannedRussianspacecraftalsolandedonthemoonaheadofthefirstmannedlandingbytheAmericans.EvenafterNeilArmstrongtookhisonesmallstepRussiahasproveditssuperiorityinkeepingpeopleinspacestationsorbitingtheEarth.TheRussianSoyuzrocketisamainstayofsatellitelaunchesandwouldbeusedtorescueastronautsshouldanyaccidentbefalltheInternationalSpaceStation.HeadofthespacecraftmanufacturerthathelpedachievetheseRussiansuccessesthisweekboastedthathisrocketscouldbeusedtoindustrialisethemoon.SowhywerehisremarksgreetedwithsuchscepticismOnereasonforthecynicismisthattheideaisabsurd.AUnitedNationstreatypassedin1967banspotentiallyharmfulinterferencewiththeEarth’soriginalsatelliteandrequiresinternationalconsultationbeforeproceedingwithanyactivitythatcoulddisruptthepeacefulexplorationofspaceincludingthemoon.AsecondproblemisthatlandingonthemoonhasprovedbeyondthebudgetofanystateotherthanAmericaandofanyprivatecompanytodate.Infactoneofthebesthopesforinvestmentcomesfromspacetourism.OnSaturdayApril7ththefifthsuchholidaymakerenteredspaceaboardaRussianSoyuzrocket.CharlesSimonyianAmericansoftwaredeveloperpaid$25mforhisten-daystayattheInternationalSpaceStation.Thenextholidaydestinationisthemoon.Thetouroperatorthatorganisedthefirstfivepackagesisofferingtwoticketstoorbitthemoonfor$100meach.LaunchwouldbeaboardaSoyuzspacecraft.ButtheSoyuzsystemwasdesignedinthe1960sandhasbeenonthevergeofretirementformanyyears.UnfortunatelytheRussianauthoritieshavepostponedindefinitelythedevelopmentofasuccessor.Thustheclaimoftheindustrialisationofthemoonisunlikelytosucceed.Accordingtothetextwhichisthemostprobableresultofthedevelopmentofspacetourism
Onethingthatdistinguishestheonlineworldfromtherealoneisthatitisveryeasytofindthings.TofindacopyofTheEconomistinprintonehastogotoanewsstandwhichmayormaynotcarryit.Findingitonlinethoughisadifferentproposition.JustgotoGoogletypeitin"economist"andyouwillbeinstantlydirectedtoeconomist.com.46IndeeduntilGooglenowtheworld’smostpopularsearchenginecameontothesceneinSeptember1998searchingonlinewasahit-or-missaffair. Googlewasvastlybetterthananythingthathadcomebefore:somuchbetterinfactthatitchangedthewaymanypeopleusetheweb.47Almostovernightitmadethewebfarmoreusefulparticularlyfornon-specialistusersmanyofwhomregardGoogleastheInternet’sfrontdoor.It’snowaworldwidephenomenon.NotonlyhasitmadetheInternetintoanextremelyfastandvaluableresearchtoolit’sbecomeacommonwordandhasevencreatedanewverb"togoogle."48TherecentfussoverGoogle’sstockmarketflotationobscuresitsfarwidersocialsignificance:fewtechnologiesafterallaresoinfluentialthattheirnameshavebecomeahouseholdverbsuchasthecloningtechnologycreatestheverb"toclone". Googlebeganin1998asanacademicresearchprojectbySergeyBrinandLawrencePagewhowerethengraduatestudentsatStanfordUniversityinPaloAltoCalifornia.Itwasnotthefirstsearchengineofcourse.49Existingsearchengineswereabletoscanalargeportionofthewebbuildanindexandthenfindpagesthatmatchedparticularwordsbutwerelessgoodatpresentingthosepageswhichmightnumberinthehundredsofthousandsinausefulway. Mr.Brin’sandMr.Page’saccomplishmentwastodeviseawaytosorttheresultsbydeterminingwhichpageswerelikelytobemostrelevant.TheydidsobyusingamathematicalprogramcalledPageRank.50ThisprogramisattheheartofGoogle’ssuccessdistinguishingitfromallsearchenginesandaccountingforitsapparentlymagicalabilitytofindthemostusefulwebpages.Withthispowerfulability.Googledistinguisheditselffromamongallthesearchenginesandbecameanestablishedstandingresearchtoolintheonlineworld. Almostovernightitmadethewebfarmoreusefulparticularlyfornon-specialistusersmanyofwhomregardGoogleastheInternet’sfrontdoor
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestand10eachother. Thebodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunicationloudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Finallyitconveysouremotionsandattitudes.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturecommunication. Everyculturehasitsown"bodylanguage"andchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmencrosseshislegsis16likethewayamateAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimes--thebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.17
It’seasytogetthesensethesedaysthatyou’vestumbledintoapartywithsomepowerfuldrugthatdramaticallyaltersidentity.Thefacesarefamiliarbutthewordscomingoutofthemaren’t.Somethinghashappenedtoalotofpeopleyouusedtothinkyouknew.They’vechangedintosomethingliketheirownopposite.There’sBillGateswhothesedaysisspendinglesstimeearningmoneythangivingitaway--andpullingotherbillionairesintothedeependofglobalphilanthropy慈善事业withhim.There’shistorianFrancisFukuyamaleadingawholegangofdisaffectedfellowtravelersawayfromneoconservatism.Toflip-flopishuman.Itcanstillsometimesbeapoliticalliabilityevidenceofaflakydispositionorrankopportunism.Buttherearecircumstancesinwhichnottoreversecourseseemsalmostpathological病态的.He’samodelofconsistencyStephenColbertsaidlastyearofGeorgeW.Bush:HebelievesthesamethingWednesdaythathebelievedonMonday--nomatterwhathappenedonTuesday.OverthepastthreeyearsIfoundpeoplewhohadpulledabigU-turnintheirlives.Oftentheinsightcameinaforehead-smitingmomentinthemiddleofthenight:I’vegotitallwrong.Itlookedatfirstlikeasprinklingofoutliersbeyondthecurveofnormalhumanexperience.Butwhenyousteppedbackapatternemerged.Whatthesepersonalturnshadincommonwastheapprehensionthatwe’reallconnected.Everythingleansonsomethingisbothdependentanddependedon.ThedifferencebetweenyouandmeavisitingChinesestudenttoldUniversityofMichiganpsychologistRichardNisbettnotlongagoisthatIthinktheworldisacircleandyouthinkit’saline.TheremarkpromptedtheprofessortowriteabookTheGeographyofThoughtaboutthedifferencesbetweentheWesternandtheAsianmind.ToWesternthinkingtheworldislinear;youcanchopitupandanalyzeitandwecanallworkonourlittlepartoftheprojectindependentlyuntilit’ssolved.TheclassicallyEasternmindaccordingtoNisbettseesthingsdifferently:theworldisn’talengthofropebutavastclosedchainincomprehensiblycomplexandeverchanging.Whenyoulookatlifefromthissecondperspectivesomeunlikelyconnectionsrevealthemselves.IrealizedthiswaswhatalmostalltheU-turnshadincommon:peoplehadswungaroundtofaceEast.Theyhadstoppedthinkinginalineandstartedthinkinginacircle.Moralitywaslookinglesslikeasetofrulesandmorelikeastoryoneinwhichtheywerepartofanensemblecastnolongerthestar.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext
ShortofmoneyNeedaninstantloanSincetheearly1990syourbestbethasbeentogotothelow-rentendoftownandfindanappointedloan-shop.Thereyoucanborrowmoneyinsmallamountsgenerallynotmuchmorethan$500againstyourpost-datedpay-cheque.Youwillbechargedaround$15interestforevery$100youborrow--andthatispermonth.Formanypeoplethereisnoalternative.Banksrefusetomakesmallloansbecausethereisnomoneyinitandcompletelyunregulatedlendingviatheinternetorloansharksistooalarming.AccordingtotheCommunityFinancialServicesAssociationanadvocacygroupfortheindustrymostborrowersareresponsibleandpayofftheirloansinatimelymanner.Butsomedon’t.TheCentreforResponsibleLendingaconsumergroupsaysthatmanyborrowersroutinelyrollovertheirloans.Thisquicklybringsthemintodebttraps.Atypicalborrowermayenduppaying$793fora$325loan.ThecentreestimatesthatpaydayloanscostAmericans$4.2billionayearininterestandfees.Theindustrythrivesinlargepartbecauseitoperatesmostlyoutsidestateusurylawsthatprohibitexcessiveinterestrates.Itsspokesmensaylendersneedsuchexemptionstomakeaprofitontheirbasicservicesmallloans.Lenderssaythattheirreturnswouldamounttopenniesonthedollarifinterestrateswerecapped.Infacttheysaysuchrestrictionswouldputthemoutofbusiness.Andthatisexactlywhatmanyoftheiropponentswouldliketosee--particularlywhenitcomestoloansmadetothefamiliesofsoldiers.InoneofthelastactsoftheRepublicanCongresspaydaylenderswererestrictedtointerestratesof36%onloanstomilitarypersonnelandtheirspouses.ThePentagonisworriedthatuniformedpersonnelespeciallythoseservinginIraqhavebeenlosingtheirsecurityclearancesbecauseofexcessivedebtathome.Thisamongotherthingswasleadingtothecostlyreassignmentofhighlytrainedtroopssuchascommunicationsexpertstoordinarylow-skilljobs.RobertFrankaneconomistatCornellUniversitywroterecentlyintheNewYorkTimesthattheindustry--notunlikethesub-primemortgagesector--isabeneficiaryofthesweepingderegulationofthefinancial-servicesindustrythathasmadecreditmoreaccessible.Itsadverseconsequenceshesayswerecompletelypredictable.Oncepoorpeoplegetinovertheirheadstheywillborrowthemselvesintobankruptcyifthelawpermits;andifweareunhappyaboutthattheonlysolutionistochangetherules./Thesmall-loanindustryisabletoavoidlawprohibitionsbecause______.
Ithasoftenbeenremarkedthatthesaddestthingaboutyouthisthatitiswastedontheyoung.ReadingarecentnewspaperreportonasurveyconductedamongcollegefreshmenIrecalledtheregret "IfonlyIknewthenwhatIknownow." ThesurveydisclosedwhatIhadalreadysuspectedfrominformalpollsofstudents.Accordingtothesurveywhichwasbasedontheresponsesofover188000studentstoday’straditional-agecollegefreshmenare"morematerialisticandlessaltruistic". 41.______.Itfollowsthenthattodaythemostpopularcourseisnotliteratureorhistorybutaccounting.Interestinteachingsocialserviceandthe"altruistic"fieldsisatalowalongwithethnicandwomen’sstudies.Ontheotherhandenrollmentinbusinessprogramsengineeringandcomputerscienceiswayup. 42.______. FranklyI’mproudoftheyoungladynotherattitudebuthersuccess.Butwhycan’twehaveitbothwaysCan’tweeducatepeopleforlifeaswellasforacareerIbelievewecan.Ifwe’renotthenthatisafaultofoureducationalsystem--elementarysecondaryandhigher.Inatimeofincreasingspecializationatimewhen90percentofallthescientistswhohaveeverlivedarecurrentlyalivemorethaneverweneedtoknowwhatistrulyimportantinlife. 43.______. Mostofusfinallycometorealizethatqualityoflifeisnotentirelydeterminedbyhowmuchweearn.Sureeveryonewantstobefinanciallycomfortablebutwealsowanttofeelthatwehaveaperspectiveontheworldbeyondtheconfinesofouroccupation;wewanttobeabletorenderservicetoourfellowmanandtotheworld. 44.______. Itisequallytruethatinstudyingthediversewisdomofotherswelearnhowtothink.Moreimportantperhapseducationteachesustoseetheconnectionsbetweenthingsaswellastoseebeyondourimmediateneeds. 45.______. Inthelongrunthat’swhateducationreallyoughttobeabout.AndIthinkitcanbe.That’sthewayitshouldbe.OscarWildehaditrightwhenhesaidthatweoughttogiveourabilitytoourworkbutourgeniustoourlives.Let’shopeoureducatorsanswerthestudentscriesforcareereducationbutatthesametimelet’sensurethatthestudentsarepreparedforthedaywhentheyrealizetheirfolly.There’salotmoretolifethanajob. [A]Academicemphasisoncompetitionrationalityandexternalsacknowledgesonlyonekindofknowing.Itmakesstudentsdevaluetheirinnerselvesorlargersocialpurposes. [B]Notsurprisinginthesehardtimesthestudent’smajorobjective"istobefinanciallywelloff."Lessimportantthaneverisdevelopingameaningfulphilosophyoflife. [C]Educationmustmeettheneedsofthehumanspirit.Itmustassiststudentstodevelopasatisfactorypersonalphilosophyandsenseofvalues;tocultivatetastesforliteraturemusicandthearts;togrowinabilitytoanalyzeproblemsandarriveatthoughtfulconclusions. [D]That’snosurpriseeither.Afriendofmineasalesrepresentativeforachemicalcompanywasmakingtwicethesalaryofhercollegeinstructorsduringherfirstyearonthejob.Andthatwasfouryearsago;Shemustbeearningmuchmorenow. [E]Mostpeoplesomewherebetweentheagesof30and50finallyarriveattheinevitableconclusionthattheycoulddomorethanservingacorporationagovernmentagencyorwhatever. [F]Butthemostimportantargumentforabroadeducationisthatinstudyingtheaccumulatedwisdomoftheagesweimproveourmoralsense. [G]Whileit’struethatweallneedacareerpreferablyaprofitableoneitisequallytruethatourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge--beitscientificorartistic. 43
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points11
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points1
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points9
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points5
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points15
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