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46) Scientists at Johns Hopkins have discovered "striking" differences between men and women in a...
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Text1 Nationalcharacteristicsarenoteasytopindownandwhenpinneddowntheyoftenturnouttobetrivialitiesorseemtohavenoconnectionwithoneanother.Spaniardsarecrueltoanimals;Italiancandonothingwithoutmakingadeafeningnoise;theChineseareaddictedtogambling.Obviouslysuchthingsdon’tmatterinthemselves.NeverthelessnothingiscauselessantieventhefactthatEnglishmenhavebadteethcantellonesomethingabouttherealitiesofEnglishlife. HereareacoupleofgeneralizationsaboutEnglandthatwouldbeacceptedbyalmostallobservers.OneisthattheEnglisharenotgiftedartistically.TheyarenotasmusicalastheGermansorItalians;paintingandsculpturehaveneverflourishedinEnglandastheyhaveinFrance.AnotheristhatasEuropeansgotheEnglisharenotintellectual.Theyhaveahorrorofabstractthought;theyfeelnoneedforanyphilosophyorsystematic‘world-view’.Noristhisbecausetheyare’practical’astheyaresofondofclaimingforthemselves.Onehasonlytolookattheirmethodsoftownplanningandwatersupplytheirobstinateclingingtoeverythingthatisoutofdateandanuisanceaspellingsystemthatdefiesanalysisandasystemofweightsandmeasuresthatisintelligibleonlytothecompilersofarithmeticbookstoseehowlittletheycareaboutmereefficiency. AnotherEnglishcharacteristicwhichissomuchapartofusthatwebarelynoticeitistheaddictiontohobbiesandspare-timeoccupationstheprivatenessofEnglishlife.Weareanationofflower-loversbutalsoanationofstamp-collectorspigeon-fanciersamateurcarpenterscoupon-snipersdarts-playerscrossword-puzzlefans.Alltheculturethatismosttrulynativecentersroundthingswhichevenwhentheyarecommunalarenotofficial--thepubthefootballmatchthebackgardenthefiresideandthe‘nicecupoftea’.Thelibertytheindividualisstillbelievedinalmostasinthenineteenthcentury.Butthishasnothingtodowitheconomiclibertytherighttoexploitothersforprofit.Itisthelibertytohaveahomeofyourowntodowhatyoulikeinyoursparetimetochooseyourownamusementsinsteadofhavingthemchosenforyoufromabove. Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph
BeforeDr.LutherL.TerrythentheSurgeonGeneraloftheUnitedStatesissuedhisoffice’sfirst"ReportonSmokingandHealth"morethan30yearsagothousandsofarticleshadalreadybeenwrittenontheeffectsoftobaccouseonthehumanbody. 46Tobaccocompanieshadcounteredthereports--whichaimedtoshowlinksbetweensmokingandcancerandotherseriousdiseases--withdenialsandcompetingstudies. 47Soin1964TerryandhisAdvisoryCommitteeonSmokingandHealthknewtheyweresteppingintoamajorpitofcontroversywhentheyannounced"cigarettesmokingisahealthhazardofsufficientimportanceintheUnitedStatestowarrantappropriateremedialaction". ItwasAmerica’sfirstwidelypublicizedacknowledgmentthatsmokingcigarettesisacauseofseriousdiseases. Buttheissuewasn’tsettledin1964norisitsettledin1997despiteliterallythousandsmorestudies--andlitigationthathasforcedat]eastonetobaccocompanytoadmitwhatsomeactivistssaytheyknewallalong:cigarettesmokeishazardoustoyourhealth. 48Morethan30years--andmorethan20SurgeonGeneralreports--latertheissueappearsheadedforsettlementinthecourtroomratherthanthelaboratory. SowhataretherisksHere’swhattobacco’scriticssay. TheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsayscigarettesmokingisresponsiblefor151322cancerdeathsannuallyintheUnitedStates.Mostofthose--116920--arefromlungcancer.TheCDCsaysmenwhosmokeare22timesmorelikelytodiefromlungcancerthannon-smokers.Womenwhosmokeare12timesmorelikelytodiefromthedisease. 49Statisticalstudieshavelongshownthatpeoplewhodon’tsmokelivelongerthanpeoplewhodoandscientistshaveseenstatisticallytherelationshipbetweensmokingandincidencesoflungcancersincethe1950s. ButastudyearlierthisyearbyGerdPfeiferoftheBeckmanResearchInstitutepinpointedspecificcarcinogensincigarettesmokethattargetpartsofagenealreadyknowntobeprominentinsomecancers. PfeiferwroteinSciencethatcigarettesmokecauseschangesinthegenep53whichprotectsagainstcancerwhennormalbutpromotescancergrowthwhenmutated. 50AnotherstudypublishedbytheAmericanCancerSocietysaidthatlow-tarcigarettesofferednorelieffromthepotentialofcancerandinfactwereresponsibleforatypeofcancerthatreachesdeeperintolungtissue. Othercancersarealsoaffectedbycigarettesmoke.AnAmericanCancerSocietyresearcherreportedearlierthisyearthatsmokingincreasedmen’sriskofdyingofprostatecancerwhileotherstudieshavelinkedtobaccousetoincreasedriskofothercancersincludingthroatbreastandbowelcancer. 49
Healthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4 Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service. Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Text2 Themoralhighgroundhasalwaysbeenfemaleterritory.Menafteralllieandcheatandrobandpollutetheenvironmentanddisproportionatelypopulatetheprisonswhilewomendotheirbesttoappreciatetheirgoodqualities.Somewomenatleast.Butwiththeriseoffeminismtheassaultsonmen’smoralintegrityhavebecomemorefrequentandthebeliefintheirarroganceandlackofconcernforanythingbuttheirownselfishendshasbecomeatruism.It’sthemenwhoaregreedy.It’sthemenwhoaredisloyal.It’sthemenwhowilldoanythingformoney.It’sthemenwhoareimmature. Intheworldofsportmaleathletesarewhippingboysoftalkradio.TheyhavegracedthecoverofSportsIllustrateandontheinsidehavebeenspokenevilofforsinsamongthemgreeddisdainforthefanswhopaytheirunreasonablyhighsalariesandalackofrespectforthegamethatthefansloveandthathasmadethemrich. Femaleathletesontheotherhandhavebeenplacedonapedestal--butithasbeenaprettyeasyonetoclimb.Foronethingtherehasn’tbeenenoughmoneytogetgreedyabout.Foranothertherehaven’tbeenanyfans.Andforthirdthosewhodidn’tlovethegamehadabsolutelynoreasontokeepplaying. Butthankstotheriseofwomen’sbasketballfemalebasketballplayeraregoingtofindthem-selvestemptedbythesamevanitiesthathaveseducedsomanymen--andthoughweknowsomewillgiveinwedon’tknowhowmany. Forwomen’sbasketballtobecomeamajorsportinAmericaasopposedtoaprofitableonelikearenafootballsomethingisgoingtobeofferedotherthanjustpureskill.Thatsomethingshouldbeandinfactwillhavetobeadifferentattitudeapurersenseofsportthanthemendeliver.Itmaybeaskingtoomuchofwomentowithstandthetemptationsthathavesuckedmaleathletesintoprimadonnaposesbutthenagainitmaybetruethatwomenhaveoccupiedthehighmoralgroundforsolongbecausetheyactuallyaremoresensitivetowhat’simportantinthelongrun. Ihonestlydon’tknowhowthisdramawillplayoutbuttheprocesswilltellusaboutmorethanjustthefateofwomen’sbasketball.Ifwomenwhoaresteadilygainingmoreandmorecontrolinthisworldcantrulyrespondinamorereasonedwaytothepullofpowerthenthereishopeforthe21stcentury.Butifwomenasagendercandonobetterthanmenwhengiventhechancetheninbasketballasinlifewecanonlylookaheadtomoreofthesame. Themoralhighgroundhasalwaysbeenfemaleterritorybecause
Healthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4 Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service. Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Healthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4 Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service. Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
BeforeDr.LutherL.TerrythentheSurgeonGeneraloftheUnitedStatesissuedhisoffice’sfirst"ReportonSmokingandHealth"morethan30yearsagothousandsofarticleshadalreadybeenwrittenontheeffectsoftobaccouseonthehumanbody. 46Tobaccocompanieshadcounteredthereports--whichaimedtoshowlinksbetweensmokingandcancerandotherseriousdiseases--withdenialsandcompetingstudies. 47Soin1964TerryandhisAdvisoryCommitteeonSmokingandHealthknewtheyweresteppingintoamajorpitofcontroversywhentheyannounced"cigarettesmokingisahealthhazardofsufficientimportanceintheUnitedStatestowarrantappropriateremedialaction". ItwasAmerica’sfirstwidelypublicizedacknowledgmentthatsmokingcigarettesisacauseofseriousdiseases. Buttheissuewasn’tsettledin1964norisitsettledin1997despiteliterallythousandsmorestudies--andlitigationthathasforcedat]eastonetobaccocompanytoadmitwhatsomeactivistssaytheyknewallalong:cigarettesmokeishazardoustoyourhealth. 48Morethan30years--andmorethan20SurgeonGeneralreports--latertheissueappearsheadedforsettlementinthecourtroomratherthanthelaboratory. SowhataretherisksHere’swhattobacco’scriticssay. TheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsayscigarettesmokingisresponsiblefor151322cancerdeathsannuallyintheUnitedStates.Mostofthose--116920--arefromlungcancer.TheCDCsaysmenwhosmokeare22timesmorelikelytodiefromlungcancerthannon-smokers.Womenwhosmokeare12timesmorelikelytodiefromthedisease. 49Statisticalstudieshavelongshownthatpeoplewhodon’tsmokelivelongerthanpeoplewhodoandscientistshaveseenstatisticallytherelationshipbetweensmokingandincidencesoflungcancersincethe1950s. ButastudyearlierthisyearbyGerdPfeiferoftheBeckmanResearchInstitutepinpointedspecificcarcinogensincigarettesmokethattargetpartsofagenealreadyknowntobeprominentinsomecancers. PfeiferwroteinSciencethatcigarettesmokecauseschangesinthegenep53whichprotectsagainstcancerwhennormalbutpromotescancergrowthwhenmutated. 50AnotherstudypublishedbytheAmericanCancerSocietysaidthatlow-tarcigarettesofferednorelieffromthepotentialofcancerandinfactwereresponsibleforatypeofcancerthatreachesdeeperintolungtissue. Othercancersarealsoaffectedbycigarettesmoke.AnAmericanCancerSocietyresearcherreportedearlierthisyearthatsmokingincreasedmen’sriskofdyingofprostatecancerwhileotherstudieshavelinkedtobaccousetoincreasedriskofothercancersincludingthroatbreastandbowelcancer. 47
Globalizationwasthebuzzwordofthe1990sinthelasttwodecadestheamountofmoneyandgoodsmovingbetweencountrieshasbeenrisingsteadily.Atthesametimetradebarriersacrosstheworldhavebeenlowered.Sohowclosearewetoatrueglobaleconomyandwhateffectisitlikelytohave Anyonewhodoubtsthatglobalfinancialmarketscontrolnationaleconomiesneedonlylookatthecrisisfacingthe"tigers"oftheFarEast.Lastyearthevalueoftheircurrenciesplummetedafterinvestorsdecidedtheireconomicpolicieswerenotoughenough.Nowtheregionissufferingslowergrowthlowerlivingstandardsandrisingunemployment. ThesituationinAsiashowshowpowerhasshiftedfromindividualgovernmentstothemarkets.Intheorygovernmentsarefreetosettheirowneconomicpolicies;41.___________________________. Thetrendtowardsglobalizationbeganinearnestintheearly1970swhenthesystemoffixedexchangeratessetupafterWorldWarIIwasdismantled.Thismeantthatthevalueofcurrencieswouldnowbedeterminedbythemarketsinsteadofindividualgovernments.Overthenexttwodecadescountriesslowlybegantoremovetheirexchangecontrols.42.___________________________. Otherfactorscontributingtotheriseofglobalizationarenewcommunicationstechnologiesandbettertransportationsystemsthesehaveenabledcompaniestogrowintomultinationals--producinggoodsononesideoftheplanetandsellingthemontheother.Lowercostshavealsohelped--thepriceoftelephonecallsforinstanceischeapernowthanatanytimeinhistory. Butadjustingtothisnew"economicorder"isprovingdifficult.InthedevelopedworldandinparticulartheEuropeanUnionglobalizationisfacingwidespreadpublicresistance.Criticscomplainthatwithouttheprotectionoftradebarriersjobsarebeinglosttoworkersinpoorercountriesandwagesforemployeesinrichcountriesarefalling.OpponentsintheEuropeanUnionpointtotheeffectsthatglobalizationhashadintheUSandBritain.Inthosecountrieswagesarestagnant--exceptforaprivilegedfew--andtaxesandwelfarebenefitshavebeenreducedtohelpcompaniescompetewithindustriesinthedevelopingworld. 43.___________________________. Thoseinfavorofglobalizationaccusetheircriticsofbeingshort-sightedprotectionists.Theyclaimamoreintegratedglobaleconomywillultimatelybenefiteveryonebecauseitwillenablecountriestospecializeinthoseareaswheretheyperformbest.Developingcountrieswiththeirhigherpopulationsandlowerwageswillconcentrateonlabor-intensiveindustriessuchasrawmaterialsmanufacturinginmuchthesamewayasWesterncountriesdidduringtheindustrialrevolution. 44.___________________________. Theeffectofthissaysupporterswillbetoimproveproductivityinallcountriesleadingtohigherlivingstandards.Thefreemovementofcapitalwillalsohelppoorercountriesdevelopsotheycanplayafullandactiveroleintheworldeconomy. 45.___________________________. ButhowclosearewetoatrulyglobaleconomyForthelosersprobablytooclose.Butintermsofrealeconomicintegrationthereisstillalongwaytogo. [A]Evensupportersofglobalizationacknowledgehoweverthattherewillbelosers.Atpresentthosesufferingmostarepeopleworkinginlabor-intensiveindustriesinthedevelopedworld.Alreadytheyarefacingrisingunemploymentandfallingwagesascompaniesstruggletocompetewithmanufacturersindevelopingcountries.Theyarguethatwithouttheprotectionoftradebarriersandthewelfarestatetheirchancesofimprovingtheirskillsandlivingstandardswilldisappearresultinginagrowingdividebetweenrichandpoor. [B]Foreigninvestmentisalsoextremelysmallamountingtolittlemorethanfivepercentofthedevelopedworld’sdomesticinvestments. [C]Aglobaleconomywouldmeancompletefreedomofmovementofgoodsandservicescapitalandlabor.Yetevenignoringthetariffsandotherrestrictionsstillinplacecross-bordertraderemainstinycomparedtothevolumeofgoodsandservicestradedwithincountries. [D]Inpracticetheymustconformtoaglobaleconomicmodelorriskbeingpenalizedbythemarkets. [E]Therichercountriesontheotherhandwilldiversifyintohi-techindustrieswherehighproductivityandspecialistknowledgeareparamount. [F]Opponentsofglobalizationalsopointtoitseffectsonworkersinpoorercountries.Theyagreethatmultinationalsmaybehelpingtoreduceunemploymentinthedevelopingworldbuttheyarguethatjobsarehardlyworthhavingsincetheyarelow-paidandexploitative. [G]By1990nearlyallworld’smajoreconomicshadgotridofrestrictionsonhowmuchmoneycouldbemovedinandoutoftheircountries. 43
Healthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4 Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service. Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Globalizationwasthebuzzwordofthe1990sinthelasttwodecadestheamountofmoneyandgoodsmovingbetweencountrieshasbeenrisingsteadily.Atthesametimetradebarriersacrosstheworldhavebeenlowered.Sohowclosearewetoatrueglobaleconomyandwhateffectisitlikelytohave Anyonewhodoubtsthatglobalfinancialmarketscontrolnationaleconomiesneedonlylookatthecrisisfacingthe"tigers"oftheFarEast.Lastyearthevalueoftheircurrenciesplummetedafterinvestorsdecidedtheireconomicpolicieswerenotoughenough.Nowtheregionissufferingslowergrowthlowerlivingstandardsandrisingunemployment. ThesituationinAsiashowshowpowerhasshiftedfromindividualgovernmentstothemarkets.Intheorygovernmentsarefreetosettheirowneconomicpolicies;41.___________________________. Thetrendtowardsglobalizationbeganinearnestintheearly1970swhenthesystemoffixedexchangeratessetupafterWorldWarIIwasdismantled.Thismeantthatthevalueofcurrencieswouldnowbedeterminedbythemarketsinsteadofindividualgovernments.Overthenexttwodecadescountriesslowlybegantoremovetheirexchangecontrols.42.___________________________. Otherfactorscontributingtotheriseofglobalizationarenewcommunicationstechnologiesandbettertransportationsystemsthesehaveenabledcompaniestogrowintomultinationals--producinggoodsononesideoftheplanetandsellingthemontheother.Lowercostshavealsohelped--thepriceoftelephonecallsforinstanceischeapernowthanatanytimeinhistory. Butadjustingtothisnew"economicorder"isprovingdifficult.InthedevelopedworldandinparticulartheEuropeanUnionglobalizationisfacingwidespreadpublicresistance.Criticscomplainthatwithouttheprotectionoftradebarriersjobsarebeinglosttoworkersinpoorercountriesandwagesforemployeesinrichcountriesarefalling.OpponentsintheEuropeanUnionpointtotheeffectsthatglobalizationhashadintheUSandBritain.Inthosecountrieswagesarestagnant--exceptforaprivilegedfew--andtaxesandwelfarebenefitshavebeenreducedtohelpcompaniescompetewithindustriesinthedevelopingworld. 43.___________________________. Thoseinfavorofglobalizationaccusetheircriticsofbeingshort-sightedprotectionists.Theyclaimamoreintegratedglobaleconomywillultimatelybenefiteveryonebecauseitwillenablecountriestospecializeinthoseareaswheretheyperformbest.Developingcountrieswiththeirhigherpopulationsandlowerwageswillconcentrateonlabor-intensiveindustriessuchasrawmaterialsmanufacturinginmuchthesamewayasWesterncountriesdidduringtheindustrialrevolution. 44.___________________________. Theeffectofthissaysupporterswillbetoimproveproductivityinallcountriesleadingtohigherlivingstandards.Thefreemovementofcapitalwillalsohelppoorercountriesdevelopsotheycanplayafullandactiveroleintheworldeconomy. 45.___________________________. ButhowclosearewetoatrulyglobaleconomyForthelosersprobablytooclose.Butintermsofrealeconomicintegrationthereisstillalongwaytogo. [A]Evensupportersofglobalizationacknowledgehoweverthattherewillbelosers.Atpresentthosesufferingmostarepeopleworkinginlabor-intensiveindustriesinthedevelopedworld.Alreadytheyarefacingrisingunemploymentandfallingwagesascompaniesstruggletocompetewithmanufacturersindevelopingcountries.Theyarguethatwithouttheprotectionoftradebarriersandthewelfarestatetheirchancesofimprovingtheirskillsandlivingstandardswilldisappearresultinginagrowingdividebetweenrichandpoor. [B]Foreigninvestmentisalsoextremelysmallamountingtolittlemorethanfivepercentofthedevelopedworld’sdomesticinvestments. [C]Aglobaleconomywouldmeancompletefreedomofmovementofgoodsandservicescapitalandlabor.Yetevenignoringthetariffsandotherrestrictionsstillinplacecross-bordertraderemainstinycomparedtothevolumeofgoodsandservicestradedwithincountries. [D]Inpracticetheymustconformtoaglobaleconomicmodelorriskbeingpenalizedbythemarkets. [E]Therichercountriesontheotherhandwilldiversifyintohi-techindustrieswherehighproductivityandspecialistknowledgeareparamount. [F]Opponentsofglobalizationalsopointtoitseffectsonworkersinpoorercountries.Theyagreethatmultinationalsmaybehelpingtoreduceunemploymentinthedevelopingworldbuttheyarguethatjobsarehardlyworthhavingsincetheyarelow-paidandexploitative. [G]By1990nearlyallworld’smajoreconomicshadgotridofrestrictionsonhowmuchmoneycouldbemovedinandoutoftheircountries. 45
Text1 Nationalcharacteristicsarenoteasytopindownandwhenpinneddowntheyoftenturnouttobetrivialitiesorseemtohavenoconnectionwithoneanother.Spaniardsarecrueltoanimals;Italiancandonothingwithoutmakingadeafeningnoise;theChineseareaddictedtogambling.Obviouslysuchthingsdon’tmatterinthemselves.NeverthelessnothingiscauselessantieventhefactthatEnglishmenhavebadteethcantellonesomethingabouttherealitiesofEnglishlife. HereareacoupleofgeneralizationsaboutEnglandthatwouldbeacceptedbyalmostallobservers.OneisthattheEnglisharenotgiftedartistically.TheyarenotasmusicalastheGermansorItalians;paintingandsculpturehaveneverflourishedinEnglandastheyhaveinFrance.AnotheristhatasEuropeansgotheEnglisharenotintellectual.Theyhaveahorrorofabstractthought;theyfeelnoneedforanyphilosophyorsystematic‘world-view’.Noristhisbecausetheyare’practical’astheyaresofondofclaimingforthemselves.Onehasonlytolookattheirmethodsoftownplanningandwatersupplytheirobstinateclingingtoeverythingthatisoutofdateandanuisanceaspellingsystemthatdefiesanalysisandasystemofweightsandmeasuresthatisintelligibleonlytothecompilersofarithmeticbookstoseehowlittletheycareaboutmereefficiency. AnotherEnglishcharacteristicwhichissomuchapartofusthatwebarelynoticeitistheaddictiontohobbiesandspare-timeoccupationstheprivatenessofEnglishlife.Weareanationofflower-loversbutalsoanationofstamp-collectorspigeon-fanciersamateurcarpenterscoupon-snipersdarts-playerscrossword-puzzlefans.Alltheculturethatismosttrulynativecentersroundthingswhichevenwhentheyarecommunalarenotofficial--thepubthefootballmatchthebackgardenthefiresideandthe‘nicecupoftea’.Thelibertytheindividualisstillbelievedinalmostasinthenineteenthcentury.Butthishasnothingtodowitheconomiclibertytherighttoexploitothersforprofit.Itisthelibertytohaveahomeofyourowntodowhatyoulikeinyoursparetimetochooseyourownamusementsinsteadofhavingthemchosenforyoufromabove. Thewriterdevelopshisideasinthethree-paragraphpassagebymeansof
Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Healthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4 Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service. Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Text3 PotentialAIDSvictimswhorefusetobetestedforthediseaseandthendefendtheirrighttoremainignorantaboutwhethertheycarrythevirusareentitledtothatright.Butignorancecannotbeusedtorationalizeirresponsibility.Nowhereintheirargumentistheirconcernabouthowsuchignorancemightendangerpublichealthbyexposingotherstothevirus. Whenadiseaseselectivelyattacksthesociallydisadvantagedsuchashomosexualsanddrugabusersitseemsaninjusticebeyondrationalization.Suchisthecasewithacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome. Somecrucialfacts:AIDSisacommunicabledisease.ThepercentageofthoseinfectedwiththeAIDSviruswhowilleventuallycontractthediseaseisunknownbutthatpercentageriseswitheachnewestimate.Thediseasesofarhasbeen100potential.Thelatencyperiodbetweenthetimethevirusisacquiredandthediseasedevelopsisalsounknown. Wenowhavetestsforthepresenceofthevirusthatisasefficientandreliableasalmostanydiagnostictestinmedicine.Anindividualwhotestspositivecanbepresumedwithnear-certaintytocarrytheviruswhetherhehasthediseaseornot. TostatethatthetestforAIDSis"ambiguous"asaclergymanrecentlyinpublicisamisstatementandanimmoralact.Thetestcorrelatessoconsistentlywiththepresenceofthevirusinbacteriaculturesastobeconsidered100percentcertainbyexperts. EveryonewhotestspositivemustunderstandthatheisapotentialpersonfortheAIDSvirusandhasamoraldutyandresponsibilitytopreventothersfrominfection.Wearenotjustdealingwiththeprotectionoftheinnocentbutwithanessentialsteplocontainthespreadofanepidemicashorribleasanythathasbefallenmodernman. Itmayseemunfairtoburdenthetragicvictimswithconcernforthewelfareofothers.Butmoralresponsibilityisnotaluxuryofthefortunateandevilactionscommittedindespaircannotbecondemnedoutofpity.ItismorallywrongforahealthyindividualwhotestspositiveforAIDStobeinvolvedwithanyoneexceptunderthestrictprecautionsnowdefinedassafesex. Itismorallywrongforsomeoneinahighriskpopulationwhorefusestotesthimselftodootherthantoassumethathetestspositive.Itismorallywrongforthosewhooutofsympathyfortheheartbreakingvictimsofthisepidemicasthoughwell-wishingandplatitudesabouttheambiguitiesofthediseasearenecessaryinordertocomfortthevictimswhiletheycontributetoenlargingthenumberofthosevictims.Moralresponsibilityistheburdenofthesickaswellasthehealthy. ThephrasethelatencyperiodParagraph3probablymeans
Healthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4 Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service. Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Healthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4 Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service. Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Text2 Themoralhighgroundhasalwaysbeenfemaleterritory.Menafteralllieandcheatandrobandpollutetheenvironmentanddisproportionatelypopulatetheprisonswhilewomendotheirbesttoappreciatetheirgoodqualities.Somewomenatleast.Butwiththeriseoffeminismtheassaultsonmen’smoralintegrityhavebecomemorefrequentandthebeliefintheirarroganceandlackofconcernforanythingbuttheirownselfishendshasbecomeatruism.It’sthemenwhoaregreedy.It’sthemenwhoaredisloyal.It’sthemenwhowilldoanythingformoney.It’sthemenwhoareimmature. Intheworldofsportmaleathletesarewhippingboysoftalkradio.TheyhavegracedthecoverofSportsIllustrateandontheinsidehavebeenspokenevilofforsinsamongthemgreeddisdainforthefanswhopaytheirunreasonablyhighsalariesandalackofrespectforthegamethatthefansloveandthathasmadethemrich. Femaleathletesontheotherhandhavebeenplacedonapedestal--butithasbeenaprettyeasyonetoclimb.Foronethingtherehasn’tbeenenoughmoneytogetgreedyabout.Foranothertherehaven’tbeenanyfans.Andforthirdthosewhodidn’tlovethegamehadabsolutelynoreasontokeepplaying. Butthankstotheriseofwomen’sbasketballfemalebasketballplayeraregoingtofindthem-selvestemptedbythesamevanitiesthathaveseducedsomanymen--andthoughweknowsomewillgiveinwedon’tknowhowmany. Forwomen’sbasketballtobecomeamajorsportinAmericaasopposedtoaprofitableonelikearenafootballsomethingisgoingtobeofferedotherthanjustpureskill.Thatsomethingshouldbeandinfactwillhavetobeadifferentattitudeapurersenseofsportthanthemendeliver.Itmaybeaskingtoomuchofwomentowithstandthetemptationsthathavesuckedmaleathletesintoprimadonnaposesbutthenagainitmaybetruethatwomenhaveoccupiedthehighmoralgroundforsolongbecausetheyactuallyaremoresensitivetowhat’simportantinthelongrun. Ihonestlydon’tknowhowthisdramawillplayoutbuttheprocesswilltellusaboutmorethanjustthefateofwomen’sbasketball.Ifwomenwhoaresteadilygainingmoreandmorecontrolinthisworldcantrulyrespondinamorereasonedwaytothepullofpowerthenthereishopeforthe21stcentury.Butifwomenasagendercandonobetterthanmenwhengiventhechancetheninbasketballasinlifewecanonlylookaheadtomoreofthesame. Femaleathleteskeepplayinginorderto
Childrenaregettingsofatthattheymaybethefirstgenerationtodiebeforetheirparents.To-day’syoungstersarealreadyfallingpreytopotentialkillerssuchasdiabetesbecauseoftheirweight. 46Fattyfast-fooddietscombinedwithsittinglifestylesdominatedbytelevisionsandcomputerscouldmeankidswilldietragicallyyoungsaysProfessorAndrewPrenticefromtheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine.Atthesametimetheshapeofthehumanbodyisgoingthroughahugeevolutionaryshiftbecauseadultsaregettingsofat. HereinBritainlatestresearchshowsthattheaveragewaistsizeforamanis36-38inandmaybe42-44inby2032.Thiscompareswithonly32.6inin1972.Women’swaistshavegrownfromanaverageof22inin1920to24inintheFiftiesand30innow. Oneofthemajorreasonswhychildrennowareatgreaterriskisthatwearegettingfatteryounger.IntheUKalonemorethanonemillionunder-16sareclassedasoverweightorobese--doublethenumberinthemid-Eighties.Oneintenfour-year-oldsarealsomedicallyclassifiedasobese. Theobesitypandemic--anextensiveepidemic--whichstartedintheUShasnowspreadtoEuropeAustralasiaCentralAmericaandtheMiddleEast.47Manynationsnowrecordmorethan20percentoftheirpopulationasclinicallyfatandwelloverhalfthepopulationasoverweight.48Prof.Prenticesaidthechangeinourshapehasbeencausedbyanoversupplyofeasilyavailablehigh-energyfoodscombinedwithadramaticdropintheenergyweuseasaresultoftechnologydevelopments. Heisnotaloneinhisconcern.Onlylastweekonemedicaljournalrevealedhowobesitywasfuellingariseincancercases.Obesityalsoincreasestheriskfactorforstrokesandheartdiseaseaswellasdiabetes.49Anaveragelyoverweightperson’slifespanisshortenedbyaroundnineyearswhileaseverelyoverweightpersonbymanymore. Prof.Prenticesaid:"SowillparentsoutlivetheirchildrenasclaimedrecentlybyanAmericanobesityspecialistYeswhentheoffspringbecomegrosslyobese.ThisisnowbecominganalarminglycommonoccurrenceintheUS.50Suchchildrenandadolescentshaveagreatlyreducedqualityoflifeintermsofboththeirphysicalandpsychosocialhealth.SosayNotothatdoughnutandburger." Manynationsnowrecordmorethan20percentoftheirpopulationasclinicallyfatandwelloverhalfthepopulationasoverweight.
[A]Sincewhitewasthecolourofthekindofparadise!somuchlongedtoliveinsomedaygreyleftbehindnothingmorethanabittertasteofemptinessanddepression.Icanrememberhownoticedoncethatanyothercolourmustbeasymbolforsomethingafeelingorwhatever.Onlygreyseemedtostandforabsolutelynothing.ThiswastheworldIlivedinandsodidhe. [B]Iusedtoworkinamechanicalwayfollowingthesamerhythmoverandoveragainandsodidhe.ButeverytimeIwasabouttogiveuphewouldlifthisheadandgivemealittlesmileasifhecouldguessmythoughts.Ithinkitwasactuallyhiseyesthatimpressedmemost.TheyweresodarkandstraightandthoughtheyseemstobehidinganythingIcouldn’tgetridoftheimpressionthatsomehowhemustbehidingsomething. [C]Thosedaysweremorethanhardforallofus.Thereseemedtobenowaytoescapefromthegreynessofoureverydaylifewhichwastheonlycolourthatsurroundedus.Thehugeconcreteblockswelivedinwasgreythegreyofthefactorydusteventhecolourofourclothesthatoncemighthavebeenwhitewasgrey.Itmusthavebeenabrightandshiningwhite..andIcan’texactlyrecallhowmuchtimeIspenttryingtoimaginethekindofwhiteitmighthavebeen. [D]Welltomakealongstoryshorthediedonlyayearafterhestartedworkingwithus.Itwasacaraccidentandhedidn’thavetosufferverylong.IwenttohisfuneralandtheonlypersonImettherewasanoldladymaybehismother.Shetoldmethathehadlosthisfamilyjusttheyearbeforeandafterthathedidn’tspeakanymore.Hehadn’tsaidasingleword.FirstIdidn’tbelieveher.Ijustthoughtthathewasafairlyquietperson;besidestherewasnothingmuchtosayanyway.ButsuddenlyIrealizedthatIcouldn’trecalleverhavingheardhisvoiceatall.OnlythendidIrealizeit! [E]Havingourjobinthefactorywasstillluxurythoughconsideringthefactthatmostofushadfamiliestofeed.AndnotlongafterhestartedtoworkthereIwouldalwaysfindhimworkingatthemachinenexttomine.We’dworkforhoursnexttoeachotherstayingquietwithourthoughtsdriftingawaytoadifferentplacebutstillawareofourhandsdoingthesamemove-mentsoverandoveragain.Weweredoingthatuntilthebellwouldringtoendtheworkfortheday. [F]HegavemesomuchandIknewsolittleabouthim.HehadbeenmyfriendandnowIhadlosthimwithouthavinghadthechancetogiveanythingback.Hehadbeensostrongthathewasa-bletogivewhateverhadhappened.Ifeltweakandguiltyinthosedays.ButafterthatIstartedtocareforthepeoplearoundme.IthinkIstartedtolive. [G]Hewasn’taguyofbigwordsandheseemedtoliveentirelyinhisownworld.IrememberthatduringthedaysheworkedwithusnoneofusexactlyknewwhohewaswherehecamefromorWhathewaslookingforandafterwardshedisappeared.Nobodyknewwherehehadgonewhathewasdoingorifhehadfriendsorafamilytostaywith.Iguesswedidn’tevenknowhisname--andevenifwedidI’veforgottenitanyway. 41
Childrenaregettingsofatthattheymaybethefirstgenerationtodiebeforetheirparents.To-day’syoungstersarealreadyfallingpreytopotentialkillerssuchasdiabetesbecauseoftheirweight. 46Fattyfast-fooddietscombinedwithsittinglifestylesdominatedbytelevisionsandcomputerscouldmeankidswilldietragicallyyoungsaysProfessorAndrewPrenticefromtheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine.Atthesametimetheshapeofthehumanbodyisgoingthroughahugeevolutionaryshiftbecauseadultsaregettingsofat. HereinBritainlatestresearchshowsthattheaveragewaistsizeforamanis36-38inandmaybe42-44inby2032.Thiscompareswithonly32.6inin1972.Women’swaistshavegrownfromanaverageof22inin1920to24inintheFiftiesand30innow. Oneofthemajorreasonswhychildrennowareatgreaterriskisthatwearegettingfatteryounger.IntheUKalonemorethanonemillionunder-16sareclassedasoverweightorobese--doublethenumberinthemid-Eighties.Oneintenfour-year-oldsarealsomedicallyclassifiedasobese. Theobesitypandemic--anextensiveepidemic--whichstartedintheUShasnowspreadtoEuropeAustralasiaCentralAmericaandtheMiddleEast.47Manynationsnowrecordmorethan20percentoftheirpopulationasclinicallyfatandwelloverhalfthepopulationasoverweight.48Prof.Prenticesaidthechangeinourshapehasbeencausedbyanoversupplyofeasilyavailablehigh-energyfoodscombinedwithadramaticdropintheenergyweuseasaresultoftechnologydevelopments. Heisnotaloneinhisconcern.Onlylastweekonemedicaljournalrevealedhowobesitywasfuellingariseincancercases.Obesityalsoincreasestheriskfactorforstrokesandheartdiseaseaswellasdiabetes.49Anaveragelyoverweightperson’slifespanisshortenedbyaroundnineyearswhileaseverelyoverweightpersonbymanymore. Prof.Prenticesaid:"SowillparentsoutlivetheirchildrenasclaimedrecentlybyanAmericanobesityspecialistYeswhentheoffspringbecomegrosslyobese.ThisisnowbecominganalarminglycommonoccurrenceintheUS.50Suchchildrenandadolescentshaveagreatlyreducedqualityoflifeintermsofboththeirphysicalandpsychosocialhealth.SosayNotothatdoughnutandburger." Anaveragelyoverweightperson’slifespanisshortenedbyaroundnineyearswhileaseverelyoverweightpersonbymanymore.
Text3 PotentialAIDSvictimswhorefusetobetestedforthediseaseandthendefendtheirrighttoremainignorantaboutwhethertheycarrythevirusareentitledtothatright.Butignorancecannotbeusedtorationalizeirresponsibility.Nowhereintheirargumentistheirconcernabouthowsuchignorancemightendangerpublichealthbyexposingotherstothevirus. Whenadiseaseselectivelyattacksthesociallydisadvantagedsuchashomosexualsanddrugabusersitseemsaninjusticebeyondrationalization.Suchisthecasewithacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome. Somecrucialfacts:AIDSisacommunicabledisease.ThepercentageofthoseinfectedwiththeAIDSviruswhowilleventuallycontractthediseaseisunknownbutthatpercentageriseswitheachnewestimate.Thediseasesofarhasbeen100potential.Thelatencyperiodbetweenthetimethevirusisacquiredandthediseasedevelopsisalsounknown. Wenowhavetestsforthepresenceofthevirusthatisasefficientandreliableasalmostanydiagnostictestinmedicine.Anindividualwhotestspositivecanbepresumedwithnear-certaintytocarrytheviruswhetherhehasthediseaseornot. TostatethatthetestforAIDSis"ambiguous"asaclergymanrecentlyinpublicisamisstatementandanimmoralact.Thetestcorrelatessoconsistentlywiththepresenceofthevirusinbacteriaculturesastobeconsidered100percentcertainbyexperts. EveryonewhotestspositivemustunderstandthatheisapotentialpersonfortheAIDSvirusandhasamoraldutyandresponsibilitytopreventothersfrominfection.Wearenotjustdealingwiththeprotectionoftheinnocentbutwithanessentialsteplocontainthespreadofanepidemicashorribleasanythathasbefallenmodernman. Itmayseemunfairtoburdenthetragicvictimswithconcernforthewelfareofothers.Butmoralresponsibilityisnotaluxuryofthefortunateandevilactionscommittedindespaircannotbecondemnedoutofpity.ItismorallywrongforahealthyindividualwhotestspositiveforAIDStobeinvolvedwithanyoneexceptunderthestrictprecautionsnowdefinedassafesex. Itismorallywrongforsomeoneinahighriskpopulationwhorefusestotesthimselftodootherthantoassumethathetestspositive.Itismorallywrongforthosewhooutofsympathyfortheheartbreakingvictimsofthisepidemicasthoughwell-wishingandplatitudesabouttheambiguitiesofthediseasearenecessaryinordertocomfortthevictimswhiletheycontributetoenlargingthenumberofthosevictims.Moralresponsibilityistheburdenofthesickaswellasthehealthy. Inthepassagetheauthorintendstotellusthat
Text4 AdamSmiththeScottishprofessorofmoralphilosophywasthrilledbyhisrecognitionoforderintheeconomicsystem.HisbooktheWealthofNations1776isthegerminalbookinthefieldofeconomicswhichearnedhimthetitle"thefatherofeconomics". InSmith’sviewanation’swealthwasdependentuponproductionnotagriculturealone.Howmuchitproducedhebelieveddependeduponhowwellitcombinedlaborandtheotherfactorsofproduction.Themoreefficientthecombinationthegreatertheoutputandthegreaterthenation’swealth. TheessenceofSmith’seconomicphilosophywashisbeliefthataneconomywouldworkbestiflefttofunctiononitsownwithoutgovernmentregulation.Inthosecircumstancesself-interestwouldleadbusinessfirmstoproduceonlythoseproductsthatconsumerswantedandtoproducethematthelowestpossiblecost.Theywoulddothisnotasameansofbenefitingsocietybutinanefforttooutperformtheircompetitorsandgainthegreatestprofit.Butallthisself-interestwouldbenefitsocietyasawholebyprovidingitwithmoreandbettergoodsandserviceatthelowestprices. Smithsaidinhisbook:"Everyindividualendeavorstoemployhiscapitalsothatitsproducemaybeofgreatestvalue.Hegenerallydoesn’tintendtopromotethepublicinterest.Heintendsonlyhisownsecurityonlyhisgain.Andheisinthisledbyaninvisiblehandtopromotethatwhichwasnopartofhisintention." The"invisiblehand"wasSmiths’namefortheeconomicforcesthatwetodaywouldcallsupplyanddemand.Smithagreedwiththephysiocratsandtheirpolicyof"laissezfaire"lettingindividualsandbusinessesfunctionwithoutinterferencefromgovernmentregulation.Inthatwaythe"in-visiblehand"wouldbefreetoguidetheeconomyandmaximizeproduction. Smithwasverycriticalofmonopolieswhichrestrictedthecompetitionthathesawasvitalforeconomicprosperity.Herecognizedthatthevirtuesofthemarketmechanismarefullyrealizedonlywhenthechecksandbalancesofperfectcompetitionarepresent.Perfectcompetitionreferstoamarketinwhichnofirmorconsumerislargeenoughtoaffectthemarketprice.Theinvisiblehandtheoryisabouteconomiesinwhichallthemarketsareperfectlycompetitive.Insuchcircumstancesmarketswillproduceanefficientallocationofresourcessothataneconomyisonitsproduction-possibilityfrontier.Whenallindustriesaresubjecttothechecksandbalancesofperfectcompetitionmarketscanproduceanefficientbundleofproductswiththemostefficienttechniquesandusingtheminimumamountofinputs.Butwhenmonopoliesbecomepervasivetheremarkableefficiencypropertiesoftheinvisibleeconomicphilosophydisappear. InSmith'sviewmonopolies
[A]Sincewhitewasthecolourofthekindofparadise!somuchlongedtoliveinsomedaygreyleftbehindnothingmorethanabittertasteofemptinessanddepression.Icanrememberhownoticedoncethatanyothercolourmustbeasymbolforsomethingafeelingorwhatever.Onlygreyseemedtostandforabsolutelynothing.ThiswastheworldIlivedinandsodidhe. [B]Iusedtoworkinamechanicalwayfollowingthesamerhythmoverandoveragainandsodidhe.ButeverytimeIwasabouttogiveuphewouldlifthisheadandgivemealittlesmileasifhecouldguessmythoughts.Ithinkitwasactuallyhiseyesthatimpressedmemost.TheyweresodarkandstraightandthoughtheyseemstobehidinganythingIcouldn’tgetridoftheimpressionthatsomehowhemustbehidingsomething. [C]Thosedaysweremorethanhardforallofus.Thereseemedtobenowaytoescapefromthegreynessofoureverydaylifewhichwastheonlycolourthatsurroundedus.Thehugeconcreteblockswelivedinwasgreythegreyofthefactorydusteventhecolourofourclothesthatoncemighthavebeenwhitewasgrey.Itmusthavebeenabrightandshiningwhite..andIcan’texactlyrecallhowmuchtimeIspenttryingtoimaginethekindofwhiteitmighthavebeen. [D]Welltomakealongstoryshorthediedonlyayearafterhestartedworkingwithus.Itwasacaraccidentandhedidn’thavetosufferverylong.IwenttohisfuneralandtheonlypersonImettherewasanoldladymaybehismother.Shetoldmethathehadlosthisfamilyjusttheyearbeforeandafterthathedidn’tspeakanymore.Hehadn’tsaidasingleword.FirstIdidn’tbelieveher.Ijustthoughtthathewasafairlyquietperson;besidestherewasnothingmuchtosayanyway.ButsuddenlyIrealizedthatIcouldn’trecalleverhavingheardhisvoiceatall.OnlythendidIrealizeit! [E]Havingourjobinthefactorywasstillluxurythoughconsideringthefactthatmostofushadfamiliestofeed.AndnotlongafterhestartedtoworkthereIwouldalwaysfindhimworkingatthemachinenexttomine.We’dworkforhoursnexttoeachotherstayingquietwithourthoughtsdriftingawaytoadifferentplacebutstillawareofourhandsdoingthesamemove-mentsoverandoveragain.Weweredoingthatuntilthebellwouldringtoendtheworkfortheday. [F]HegavemesomuchandIknewsolittleabouthim.HehadbeenmyfriendandnowIhadlosthimwithouthavinghadthechancetogiveanythingback.Hehadbeensostrongthathewasa-bletogivewhateverhadhappened.Ifeltweakandguiltyinthosedays.ButafterthatIstartedtocareforthepeoplearoundme.IthinkIstartedtolive. [G]Hewasn’taguyofbigwordsandheseemedtoliveentirelyinhisownworld.IrememberthatduringthedaysheworkedwithusnoneofusexactlyknewwhohewaswherehecamefromorWhathewaslookingforandafterwardshedisappeared.Nobodyknewwherehehadgonewhathewasdoingorifhehadfriendsorafamilytostaywith.Iguesswedidn’tevenknowhisname--andevenifwedidI’veforgottenitanyway. 45
Healthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4 Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service. Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Text3 PotentialAIDSvictimswhorefusetobetestedforthediseaseandthendefendtheirrighttoremainignorantaboutwhethertheycarrythevirusareentitledtothatright.Butignorancecannotbeusedtorationalizeirresponsibility.Nowhereintheirargumentistheirconcernabouthowsuchignorancemightendangerpublichealthbyexposingotherstothevirus. Whenadiseaseselectivelyattacksthesociallydisadvantagedsuchashomosexualsanddrugabusersitseemsaninjusticebeyondrationalization.Suchisthecasewithacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome. Somecrucialfacts:AIDSisacommunicabledisease.ThepercentageofthoseinfectedwiththeAIDSviruswhowilleventuallycontractthediseaseisunknownbutthatpercentageriseswitheachnewestimate.Thediseasesofarhasbeen100potential.Thelatencyperiodbetweenthetimethevirusisacquiredandthediseasedevelopsisalsounknown. Wenowhavetestsforthepresenceofthevirusthatisasefficientandreliableasalmostanydiagnostictestinmedicine.Anindividualwhotestspositivecanbepresumedwithnear-certaintytocarrytheviruswhetherhehasthediseaseornot. TostatethatthetestforAIDSis"ambiguous"asaclergymanrecentlyinpublicisamisstatementandanimmoralact.Thetestcorrelatessoconsistentlywiththepresenceofthevirusinbacteriaculturesastobeconsidered100percentcertainbyexperts. EveryonewhotestspositivemustunderstandthatheisapotentialpersonfortheAIDSvirusandhasamoraldutyandresponsibilitytopreventothersfrominfection.Wearenotjustdealingwiththeprotectionoftheinnocentbutwithanessentialsteplocontainthespreadofanepidemicashorribleasanythathasbefallenmodernman. Itmayseemunfairtoburdenthetragicvictimswithconcernforthewelfareofothers.Butmoralresponsibilityisnotaluxuryofthefortunateandevilactionscommittedindespaircannotbecondemnedoutofpity.ItismorallywrongforahealthyindividualwhotestspositiveforAIDStobeinvolvedwithanyoneexceptunderthestrictprecautionsnowdefinedassafesex. Itismorallywrongforsomeoneinahighriskpopulationwhorefusestotesthimselftodootherthantoassumethathetestspositive.Itismorallywrongforthosewhooutofsympathyfortheheartbreakingvictimsofthisepidemicasthoughwell-wishingandplatitudesabouttheambiguitiesofthediseasearenecessaryinordertocomfortthevictimswhiletheycontributetoenlargingthenumberofthosevictims.Moralresponsibilityistheburdenofthesickaswellasthehealthy. AccordingtoexpertsthetestforAIDSis
[A]Sincewhitewasthecolourofthekindofparadise!somuchlongedtoliveinsomedaygreyleftbehindnothingmorethanabittertasteofemptinessanddepression.Icanrememberhownoticedoncethatanyothercolourmustbeasymbolforsomethingafeelingorwhatever.Onlygreyseemedtostandforabsolutelynothing.ThiswastheworldIlivedinandsodidhe. [B]Iusedtoworkinamechanicalwayfollowingthesamerhythmoverandoveragainandsodidhe.ButeverytimeIwasabouttogiveuphewouldlifthisheadandgivemealittlesmileasifhecouldguessmythoughts.Ithinkitwasactuallyhiseyesthatimpressedmemost.TheyweresodarkandstraightandthoughtheyseemstobehidinganythingIcouldn’tgetridoftheimpressionthatsomehowhemustbehidingsomething. [C]Thosedaysweremorethanhardforallofus.Thereseemedtobenowaytoescapefromthegreynessofoureverydaylifewhichwastheonlycolourthatsurroundedus.Thehugeconcreteblockswelivedinwasgreythegreyofthefactorydusteventhecolourofourclothesthatoncemighthavebeenwhitewasgrey.Itmusthavebeenabrightandshiningwhite..andIcan’texactlyrecallhowmuchtimeIspenttryingtoimaginethekindofwhiteitmighthavebeen. [D]Welltomakealongstoryshorthediedonlyayearafterhestartedworkingwithus.Itwasacaraccidentandhedidn’thavetosufferverylong.IwenttohisfuneralandtheonlypersonImettherewasanoldladymaybehismother.Shetoldmethathehadlosthisfamilyjusttheyearbeforeandafterthathedidn’tspeakanymore.Hehadn’tsaidasingleword.FirstIdidn’tbelieveher.Ijustthoughtthathewasafairlyquietperson;besidestherewasnothingmuchtosayanyway.ButsuddenlyIrealizedthatIcouldn’trecalleverhavingheardhisvoiceatall.OnlythendidIrealizeit! [E]Havingourjobinthefactorywasstillluxurythoughconsideringthefactthatmostofushadfamiliestofeed.AndnotlongafterhestartedtoworkthereIwouldalwaysfindhimworkingatthemachinenexttomine.We’dworkforhoursnexttoeachotherstayingquietwithourthoughtsdriftingawaytoadifferentplacebutstillawareofourhandsdoingthesamemove-mentsoverandoveragain.Weweredoingthatuntilthebellwouldringtoendtheworkfortheday. [F]HegavemesomuchandIknewsolittleabouthim.HehadbeenmyfriendandnowIhadlosthimwithouthavinghadthechancetogiveanythingback.Hehadbeensostrongthathewasa-bletogivewhateverhadhappened.Ifeltweakandguiltyinthosedays.ButafterthatIstartedtocareforthepeoplearoundme.IthinkIstartedtolive. [G]Hewasn’taguyofbigwordsandheseemedtoliveentirelyinhisownworld.IrememberthatduringthedaysheworkedwithusnoneofusexactlyknewwhohewaswherehecamefromorWhathewaslookingforandafterwardshedisappeared.Nobodyknewwherehehadgonewhathewasdoingorifhehadfriendsorafamilytostaywith.Iguesswedidn’tevenknowhisname--andevenifwedidI’veforgottenitanyway. 43
Text4 AdamSmiththeScottishprofessorofmoralphilosophywasthrilledbyhisrecognitionoforderintheeconomicsystem.HisbooktheWealthofNations1776isthegerminalbookinthefieldofeconomicswhichearnedhimthetitle"thefatherofeconomics". InSmith’sviewanation’swealthwasdependentuponproductionnotagriculturealone.Howmuchitproducedhebelieveddependeduponhowwellitcombinedlaborandtheotherfactorsofproduction.Themoreefficientthecombinationthegreatertheoutputandthegreaterthenation’swealth. TheessenceofSmith’seconomicphilosophywashisbeliefthataneconomywouldworkbestiflefttofunctiononitsownwithoutgovernmentregulation.Inthosecircumstancesself-interestwouldleadbusinessfirmstoproduceonlythoseproductsthatconsumerswantedandtoproducethematthelowestpossiblecost.Theywoulddothisnotasameansofbenefitingsocietybutinanefforttooutperformtheircompetitorsandgainthegreatestprofit.Butallthisself-interestwouldbenefitsocietyasawholebyprovidingitwithmoreandbettergoodsandserviceatthelowestprices. Smithsaidinhisbook:"Everyindividualendeavorstoemployhiscapitalsothatitsproducemaybeofgreatestvalue.Hegenerallydoesn’tintendtopromotethepublicinterest.Heintendsonlyhisownsecurityonlyhisgain.Andheisinthisledbyaninvisiblehandtopromotethatwhichwasnopartofhisintention." The"invisiblehand"wasSmiths’namefortheeconomicforcesthatwetodaywouldcallsupplyanddemand.Smithagreedwiththephysiocratsandtheirpolicyof"laissezfaire"lettingindividualsandbusinessesfunctionwithoutinterferencefromgovernmentregulation.Inthatwaythe"in-visiblehand"wouldbefreetoguidetheeconomyandmaximizeproduction. Smithwasverycriticalofmonopolieswhichrestrictedthecompetitionthathesawasvitalforeconomicprosperity.Herecognizedthatthevirtuesofthemarketmechanismarefullyrealizedonlywhenthechecksandbalancesofperfectcompetitionarepresent.Perfectcompetitionreferstoamarketinwhichnofirmorconsumerislargeenoughtoaffectthemarketprice.Theinvisiblehandtheoryisabouteconomiesinwhichallthemarketsareperfectlycompetitive.Insuchcircumstancesmarketswillproduceanefficientallocationofresourcessothataneconomyisonitsproduction-possibilityfrontier.Whenallindustriesaresubjecttothechecksandbalancesofperfectcompetitionmarketscanproduceanefficientbundleofproductswiththemostefficienttechniquesandusingtheminimumamountofinputs.Butwhenmonopoliesbecomepervasivetheremarkableefficiencypropertiesoftheinvisibleeconomicphilosophydisappear. WhatdoestheinvisiblehandParagraph5referto
Text1 Nationalcharacteristicsarenoteasytopindownandwhenpinneddowntheyoftenturnouttobetrivialitiesorseemtohavenoconnectionwithoneanother.Spaniardsarecrueltoanimals;Italiancandonothingwithoutmakingadeafeningnoise;theChineseareaddictedtogambling.Obviouslysuchthingsdon’tmatterinthemselves.NeverthelessnothingiscauselessantieventhefactthatEnglishmenhavebadteethcantellonesomethingabouttherealitiesofEnglishlife. HereareacoupleofgeneralizationsaboutEnglandthatwouldbeacceptedbyalmostallobservers.OneisthattheEnglisharenotgiftedartistically.TheyarenotasmusicalastheGermansorItalians;paintingandsculpturehaveneverflourishedinEnglandastheyhaveinFrance.AnotheristhatasEuropeansgotheEnglisharenotintellectual.Theyhaveahorrorofabstractthought;theyfeelnoneedforanyphilosophyorsystematic‘world-view’.Noristhisbecausetheyare’practical’astheyaresofondofclaimingforthemselves.Onehasonlytolookattheirmethodsoftownplanningandwatersupplytheirobstinateclingingtoeverythingthatisoutofdateandanuisanceaspellingsystemthatdefiesanalysisandasystemofweightsandmeasuresthatisintelligibleonlytothecompilersofarithmeticbookstoseehowlittletheycareaboutmereefficiency. AnotherEnglishcharacteristicwhichissomuchapartofusthatwebarelynoticeitistheaddictiontohobbiesandspare-timeoccupationstheprivatenessofEnglishlife.Weareanationofflower-loversbutalsoanationofstamp-collectorspigeon-fanciersamateurcarpenterscoupon-snipersdarts-playerscrossword-puzzlefans.Alltheculturethatismosttrulynativecentersroundthingswhichevenwhentheyarecommunalarenotofficial--thepubthefootballmatchthebackgardenthefiresideandthe‘nicecupoftea’.Thelibertytheindividualisstillbelievedinalmostasinthenineteenthcentury.Butthishasnothingtodowitheconomiclibertytherighttoexploitothersforprofit.Itisthelibertytohaveahomeofyourowntodowhatyoulikeinyoursparetimetochooseyourownamusementsinsteadofhavingthemchosenforyoufromabove. Fromthefirstparagraphwecanlearnthat
Healthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4 Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service. Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Healthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4 Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service. Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
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