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UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They________thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe________man.Buttheyinsistedthatits________resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe________oftheEnglishpopulation.______contrasttheysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750whenEnglandwasstilla______agriculturalcountryaperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity. Thisview______isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists________historyandeconomicshave________twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was________bygreatpovertyandthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.
UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They________thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe________man.Buttheyinsistedthatits________resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe________oftheEnglishpopulation.______contrasttheysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750whenEnglandwasstilla______agriculturalcountryaperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity. Thisview______isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists________historyandeconomicshave________twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was________bygreatpovertyandthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.
UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They________thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe________man.Buttheyinsistedthatits________resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe________oftheEnglishpopulation.______contrasttheysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750whenEnglandwasstilla______agriculturalcountryaperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity. Thisview______isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists________historyandeconomicshave________twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was________bygreatpovertyandthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.
Scienceisanenterpriseconcernedwithgaininginformationaboutcausalityortherelationshipbetweencauseandeffect.Asimpleexampleofacauseisthemovementofapaddleasitstrikesaping-pongball;theeffectisthemovementoftheballthroughtheair.Inpsychologyandothersciencesthewordcauseisoftenreplacedbythetermindependentvariable.Thistermimpliesthattheexperimenterisoftenfreetovarytheindependentvariableasheorshedesiresforexampletheexperimentercancontrolthespeedofthepaddleasitstrikestheball.Thetermdependentvariablereplacesthewordeffectandthistermisusedbecausetheeffectdependsonsomecharacteristicoftheindependentvariabletheflightoftheballdependsonthespeedofthepaddle.Theconventionsofsciencedemandthatboththeindependentanddependentvariablesbeobservableeventsasisthecaseintheping-pongexample.Inthecaseofbiorhythmtheorytheindependentvariableisthenumberofdaysthathaveelapsedbetweenaperson’’sdateofbirthandsometestday.Thedependentvariableistheperson’’slevelofperformanceonsomespecifiedtaskonthetestday.Noticethatalthoughtheexperimenterisnotfreetochooseabirthdayforagivenindividualpersonswithdifferentdatesofbirthcanbetestedonthesamedayorasinglesubjectcanbetestedonseveraldifferentdays. Inordertopredicttherelationshipbetweenindependentanddependentvariablesmanyscientifictheoriesmakeuseofwhatarecalledinterveningvariables.Interveningvariablesarepurelytheoreticalconceptsthatcannotbeobserveddirectly.Topredicttheflightofaping-pongballNewtonianphysicsreliesonanumberofinterveningvariablesincludingforcemassairresistanceandgravity.Youcanprobablyanticipatethattheinterveningvariablesofbiorhythmtheoryarethethreebodilycycleswiththeirspecifiedtimeperiods.Itshouldbeemphasizedthatnotallpsychologicaltheoriesincludeinterveningvariablesandsomepsychologistsobjecttotheirusepreciselybecausetheyarenotdirectlyobservable. Thefinalmajorcomponentofascientifictheoryisitssyntaxortherulesanddefinitionsthatstatehowtheindependentanddependentvariablesaretobemeasuredandthatspecifytherelationshipsamongindependentvariablesinterveningvariablesanddependentvariables.Itisthesyntaxofbiorhythmtheorythatdescribeshowtouseaperson’’sbirthdaytocalculatethecurrentstatusofthethreecycles.Thesyntaxalsorelatesthecyclestothedependentvariableperformancebystatingthatpositivecyclesshouldcausehighlevelsofperformancewhereasloworcriticalcyclesshouldcauselowperformancelevels.Tosummarizethecomponentsofascientifictheorycanbedividedintofourmajorcategories:independentvariablesdependentvariablesinterveningvariablesandsyntax. Theexampleoftheping-pongballisusedto
UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They________thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe________man.Buttheyinsistedthatits________resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe________oftheEnglishpopulation.______contrasttheysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750whenEnglandwasstilla______agriculturalcountryaperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity. Thisview______isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists________historyandeconomicshave________twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was________bygreatpovertyandthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.
Wesometimeshearthatessaysareanold-fashionedform.thatso-and-soisthelastessayistbutthefactsofthemarketplacearguequiteotherwise.Essaysofnearlyanykindaresomucheasierthanshortstoriesforawritertosellsomanymoreseeprintit’’sstrangethatthoughtwofineanthologiescollectionsremainthatpublishtheyear’’sbeststoriesnocomparablecollectionexistsforessays.Suchchangesinthereadingpublic’’stastearen’’talwaystothegoodneedlesstosay.Theartoftellingstoriespredatedevencavepaintingsurely;andifweeverfindourselveslivingincavesagainitwithpaintinganddrummingwillbetheonlyartleftaftermoviesnovelsphotographyessaysbiographyandalltheresthavegonedownthedrain―thearttobuildfrom. Essayshoweverhangsomewhereonalinebetweentwosturdypoles:thisiswhatIthinkandthisiswhatIam.Autobiographieswhicharen’’tnovelsaregenerallyextendedessaysindeed.Apersonalessayislikethehumanvoicetalkingitsorderbeingthemind’’snaturalflowinsteadofasystematizedoutlineofideas.Thoughmorechangeableorinformalthananarticleortreatisesomewhereitcontainsapointwhichisitsrealcenterevenifthepointcouldn’’tbeutteredinfewerwordsthantheessayisthasused.Essaysdon’’tusuallyboildowntoasummaryasarticlesdoandthestyleofthewriterhasanaptoitacombinationofpersonalityandoriginalityandenergeticlooseendsthatstanduplikethenap绒毛onapieceofwoolandcan’’tbebrushedflat.Essaysbelongtotheanimalkingdomwithasurfacethatgeneratessparkslikeacoatoffurcomparedwiththeflatconventionalcottonofthemagazinearticlewriterwhoworksinthevegetablekingdominstead.Butessaysontheotherhandmayhavefewerlevelsthanfictionbecausewearenotsupposedtoarguemuchabouttheirmeaning.Intheolddistinctionbetweenteachingandstorytellingtheessayisthowevercleverlyhetriestoconcealhisintentionsisabitofateacherorreformerandanessayisintendedtoconveythesamepointtoeachofus. Anessayistdoesn’’thavetotellthewholetruthandnothingbutthetruth;hecanshapeorshavehismemoriesaslongasthepurposeisservedofexplainingatruthfulpoint.Apersonalessayfrequentlyisnotautobiographicalataltbutwhatitdoeskeepincommonwithautobiographyisthatthroughitstoneandtumblingprogressionitconveysthequalityoftheauthor’’smind.Nothinggetsintheway.Becauseessaysaredirectlyconcernedwiththemindandthemind’’speculiaritytheveryfreedomthemindpossessesisconferredonthisbranchofliteraturethatdoeshonortoitandthefascinationofthemindisthefascinationoftheessay. TheauthorsuggeststhatiftheStoneAgeshouldcomeupagain
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsTheterm"remotesensing"referstothetechniquesofmeasurementandinterpretationofphenomenafromadistance.Priortothemid-1960’stheinterpretationof.filmimagewastheprimarymeansforremotesensingoftheEarth’sgeologicfeatures.Withthedevelopmentoftheoptmechanicalscannerscientistsbegantoconstructdigitalmulti-spectralimagesusingdatabeyondthesensitivityrangeofvisiblelightphotography.46TheselineagesareconstructedbymechanicallyaligningpictorialrepresentationsofsuchphenomenaasthereflectionoflightwavesoutsidethevisiblespectrumtherefractionofradiowavesandthedailychangesintemperatureinareasontheEarth’ssurface.Digitalmulti-spectralimaginghasnowbedomethebasictoolingeologicremotesensingfromsatellites.47Theadvantageofdigitaloverphotographicimagingisevident:theresultingnumericaldataarepreciselyknownanddigitaldataarenotsubjecttothevagariesofdifficult-to-controlchemicalprocessing.Withdigitalprocessingitispossibletocombinealargenumberofspectralimages.Theacquisitionofthefirstmulti-spectraldigitaldatasentfromthemulti-spectralscannerMSSaboardthesatelliteLandsatin1972consequentlyattractedtheattentionoftheentiregeologiccommunity.LandsatMSSdataarenowbeingappliedtoavarietyofgeologicproblemsthataredifficulttosolveby-conventionalmethodsalone.Theseincludespecificproblemsinmineralandenergyresourceexplorationandthechartingofglaciersandshallowseas.Amorefundamentalapplicationofremotesensingistoaugmentconventionalmethodsforgeologicmappingoflargeareas.Regionalmapspresentcompositionalstructuralandchronologicalinformationforreconstructinggeologicevolution.48Suchreconstructionshaveimportantpracticalapplicationsbecausetheconditionsunderwhichrockunitsandotherstructuralfeaturesareformedinfluencethecurrencyoforeandpetroleumdepositsandaffectthethicknessandintegrityofthegeologicmediainwhichthedepositsarefound.Geologicmapsincorporatealargevariedbodyofspecificfieldandlaboratorymeasurementsbutthemapsmustbeinterpretativebecausefieldmeasurementsarealwayslimitedbyrockexposureaccessibilityandlaborresources.49Withremote-sensingtechniquesitispossibletoobtainmuchgeologicinformationmoreefficientlythanitcanbeobtainedontheground.Thesetechniquesalsofacilitateoverallinterpretation.SincedetailedgeologicmappingisgenerallyconductedinsmallareasthecontinuityofregionalfeaturesthathaveintermittentandvariableexpressionsisoftennotrecognizedbutinthecomprehensiveviewsofLandsatimagesthesecontinuitiesareapparent.HoweversomecriticalinformationCannotbeobtainedthroughremotesensingandseveralcharacteristicsoftheLand3atMSSimposelimitationsontheacquisitionofdiagnosticdata.50Someoftheselimitationscanbeovercomebydesigningsatellitesystemsspecificallyforgeologicpurposes;buttobemosteffectiveremote-sensingdatamuststillbecombinedwithdatafromfieldsurveysandlaboratoryteststhetechniquesoftheearliertwentiethcentury. Withremote-sensingtechniquesitispossibletoobtainmuchgeologicinformationmoreefficientlythanitcanbeobtainedontheground
Scienceisanenterpriseconcernedwithgaininginformationaboutcausalityortherelationshipbetweencauseandeffect.Asimpleexampleofacauseisthemovementofapaddleasitstrikesaping-pongball;theeffectisthemovementoftheballthroughtheair.Inpsychologyandothersciencesthewordcauseisoftenreplacedbythetermindependentvariable.Thistermimpliesthattheexperimenterisoftenfreetovarytheindependentvariableasheorshedesiresforexampletheexperimentercancontrolthespeedofthepaddleasitstrikestheball.Thetermdependentvariablereplacesthewordeffectandthistermisusedbecausetheeffectdependsonsomecharacteristicoftheindependentvariabletheflightoftheballdependsonthespeedofthepaddle.Theconventionsofsciencedemandthatboththeindependentanddependentvariablesbeobservableeventsasisthecaseintheping-pongexample.Inthecaseofbiorhythmtheorytheindependentvariableisthenumberofdaysthathaveelapsedbetweenaperson’’sdateofbirthandsometestday.Thedependentvariableistheperson’’slevelofperformanceonsomespecifiedtaskonthetestday.Noticethatalthoughtheexperimenterisnotfreetochooseabirthdayforagivenindividualpersonswithdifferentdatesofbirthcanbetestedonthesamedayorasinglesubjectcanbetestedonseveraldifferentdays. Inordertopredicttherelationshipbetweenindependentanddependentvariablesmanyscientifictheoriesmakeuseofwhatarecalledinterveningvariables.Interveningvariablesarepurelytheoreticalconceptsthatcannotbeobserveddirectly.Topredicttheflightofaping-pongballNewtonianphysicsreliesonanumberofinterveningvariablesincludingforcemassairresistanceandgravity.Youcanprobablyanticipatethattheinterveningvariablesofbiorhythmtheoryarethethreebodilycycleswiththeirspecifiedtimeperiods.Itshouldbeemphasizedthatnotallpsychologicaltheoriesincludeinterveningvariablesandsomepsychologistsobjecttotheirusepreciselybecausetheyarenotdirectlyobservable. Thefinalmajorcomponentofascientifictheoryisitssyntaxortherulesanddefinitionsthatstatehowtheindependentanddependentvariablesaretobemeasuredandthatspecifytherelationshipsamongindependentvariablesinterveningvariablesanddependentvariables.Itisthesyntaxofbiorhythmtheorythatdescribeshowtouseaperson’’sbirthdaytocalculatethecurrentstatusofthethreecycles.Thesyntaxalsorelatesthecyclestothedependentvariableperformancebystatingthatpositivecyclesshouldcausehighlevelsofperformancewhereasloworcriticalcyclesshouldcauselowperformancelevels.Tosummarizethecomponentsofascientifictheorycanbedividedintofourmajorcategories:independentvariablesdependentvariablesinterveningvariablesandsyntax. Thewordsyntaxusedinthelastparagraphreferstothe
Scienceisanenterpriseconcernedwithgaininginformationaboutcausalityortherelationshipbetweencauseandeffect.Asimpleexampleofacauseisthemovementofapaddleasitstrikesaping-pongball;theeffectisthemovementoftheballthroughtheair.Inpsychologyandothersciencesthewordcauseisoftenreplacedbythetermindependentvariable.Thistermimpliesthattheexperimenterisoftenfreetovarytheindependentvariableasheorshedesiresforexampletheexperimentercancontrolthespeedofthepaddleasitstrikestheball.Thetermdependentvariablereplacesthewordeffectandthistermisusedbecausetheeffectdependsonsomecharacteristicoftheindependentvariabletheflightoftheballdependsonthespeedofthepaddle.Theconventionsofsciencedemandthatboththeindependentanddependentvariablesbeobservableeventsasisthecaseintheping-pongexample.Inthecaseofbiorhythmtheorytheindependentvariableisthenumberofdaysthathaveelapsedbetweenaperson’’sdateofbirthandsometestday.Thedependentvariableistheperson’’slevelofperformanceonsomespecifiedtaskonthetestday.Noticethatalthoughtheexperimenterisnotfreetochooseabirthdayforagivenindividualpersonswithdifferentdatesofbirthcanbetestedonthesamedayorasinglesubjectcanbetestedonseveraldifferentdays. Inordertopredicttherelationshipbetweenindependentanddependentvariablesmanyscientifictheoriesmakeuseofwhatarecalledinterveningvariables.Interveningvariablesarepurelytheoreticalconceptsthatcannotbeobserveddirectly.Topredicttheflightofaping-pongballNewtonianphysicsreliesonanumberofinterveningvariablesincludingforcemassairresistanceandgravity.Youcanprobablyanticipatethattheinterveningvariablesofbiorhythmtheoryarethethreebodilycycleswiththeirspecifiedtimeperiods.Itshouldbeemphasizedthatnotallpsychologicaltheoriesincludeinterveningvariablesandsomepsychologistsobjecttotheirusepreciselybecausetheyarenotdirectlyobservable. Thefinalmajorcomponentofascientifictheoryisitssyntaxortherulesanddefinitionsthatstatehowtheindependentanddependentvariablesaretobemeasuredandthatspecifytherelationshipsamongindependentvariablesinterveningvariablesanddependentvariables.Itisthesyntaxofbiorhythmtheorythatdescribeshowtouseaperson’’sbirthdaytocalculatethecurrentstatusofthethreecycles.Thesyntaxalsorelatesthecyclestothedependentvariableperformancebystatingthatpositivecyclesshouldcausehighlevelsofperformancewhereasloworcriticalcyclesshouldcauselowperformancelevels.Tosummarizethecomponentsofascientifictheorycanbedividedintofourmajorcategories:independentvariablesdependentvariablesinterveningvariablesandsyntax. Basedonthetextcausalitymayhavethemeaningthat
UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They________thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe________man.Buttheyinsistedthatits________resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe________oftheEnglishpopulation.______contrasttheysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750whenEnglandwasstilla______agriculturalcountryaperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity. Thisview______isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists________historyandeconomicshave________twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was________bygreatpovertyandthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.
InthispartyouareaskedtowriteashortpassageaboutjobResumeyourwritingshouldincludeletterhead信头workexperienceeducationotherinformationpersonalinformationandreferences证明人.Ifyournamesarementionedinthewritinguse"LiMing"insteadwriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2andwithnolessthan150words.10points
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