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循行于人体后背正中线的经脉是( )
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任脉循行于人体的________
前正中线
后正中线
前面
后面
循行于背部正中线的经脉是
阳维脉
阳跷脉
带脉
任脉
督脉
下列循行于体前正中线的经脉是
督脉
任脉
冲脉
阴跷脉
阴维脉
在腹部循行于距离前正中线0.5寸的经脉是
足少阴肾经
足阳明胃经
足太阴脾经
任脉
足厥阴肝经
循行于胸腹部前正中线的经脉是
阳维脉
阳跷脉
带脉
任脉
督脉
十二经脉中循行于上肢内侧正中线的是
心经
心包经
肺经
三焦经
循行于人体后正中线的经脉是
冲脉
任脉
督脉
带脉
行于人体后正中线的经脉是
足太阳经脉
足阳明经
阳跷脉
阳维脉
督脉
循行于背面脊柱正中线的经脉是——
循行于后正中线的经脉是
冲脉
督脉
任脉
带脉
胆经
循行于体前正中线的经脉是
督脉
任脉
冲脉
阴维脉
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TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Backwhenwewerekidsthehoursspentwithfriendsweretoonumeroustocount.Thereweremarathontelephoneconversations;all-nightstudyingandgigglingsessions.Evenafterboyfriendsenteredthepicturedourbestfriendsremainedirreplaceable.AndtimewasthemeansbyWhichwenurturedthosefriendships.Nowasadultwomenweneverseemtohaveenoughtimeforanything.Husbandskidscareersandavocations--allrequireattention;toooftenmakingtimeforourfriendscomeslastonthelistofpriorities.Andyetironicallyweneedourfriendsasmuchaseverinadulthood.Afriendshipnetworkisabsolutelycrucialforourwellbeingasadults.Wehavetodothehardworkofbuildingandsustainingthenetwork.Herearesomeimportantwaysforaccomplishingthis. Letgoofyourlesscentralfriendships. Manyofourfriendshipswerenevermeanttolastalifetime.It’snaturalthatsomefriendshipshavetimelimits.Furthermorenoweveryonehasabusysocialcalendarsopullbackfromsomepeoplethatyoudon’treallywanttodrawclosetoandgivethemostpromisingfriendshipafairchancetogrow. 41Bewillingto"dropeverything"whenyou’retrulyneeded. Youmaygetacallfromafriendwhoisreallydepressedoveracertainproblemwhenyouarejustsittingdowntoenjoyaromanticdinnerwithyourhusband.Thisisjustoneofthoseinstanceswhenafriend’sneedsmatteredmore. 42Takeadvantageofthemails. Nearlyallofushavepalslivingfaraway--friendswemissverymuch.Giventhelimitedtimeavailableforvisitsandthehighpriceofphonecallswritingisafinewaytokeepintouchandmakesbothsenderandreceiverfeelgood. 43Riskexpressingnegativefeelings. Whentimetogetheristoughtocomebyit’snaturaltowantthemoodduringthattimetobeupbeat.Andmanypeoplefearthatotherswillthinklessofyouifyouexpressthenegativefeelingslikeangerandhurt. 44Don’tmakeyourfriends’problemsyourown. Sharingyourfriend’sgriefisthewayyoushowdeepfriendship. Neverunderestimatethevalueofloyalty. Loyaltyhasalwaysbeenratedasoneofthemostdesiredqualitiesinfriends.Trueloyaltycanbeafairlysubtlething.Somepeoplefeelitmeansthatnomatterwhatyourfriendwillalwaystakeyouside.Butrealloyaltyisbeingacceptingthepersonnotnecessarilyofcertainactionsyourfriendmighttake. 45Givethegiftoftimeasoftenastimeallows. Timeiswhatwedon’thavenearlyenoughof--andyetarmedwithalittleingenuitywecanmakeittogiveittoourfriends. Thelastbutnottheleastthingtokeepafriendshipaliveistosaytoyourfriends"Imissyouandloveyou."Sayingthatattheendofaphoneconversationoravisitorwritingitonabirthdaycardcansustainyourfriendshipforthetimesyouaren’ttogether. [A]Buttakingonyourfriend’spaindoesn’tmakethatpaingoaway.There’sabigdifferencebetweenempathyorrecognizingafriend’spainandoveridentificationwhichmakesthesuffererfeelevenweaker--"ImustbeinworsepainthanIeventhoughtbecausethepersonI’mconfidinginissufferingsomuch!"Remembertroubledpeoplejustneedtheirfriendstostaygroundedintheirownfeelings. [B]Rememberhonestyisthekeytokeepingafriendshipreal.Sharingyourpainwillactuallydeepenafriendship. [C]Besidesletterscardsandpostcardshavethevirtueofbeingtangible--friendscankeepthemandrereadthemforyearstocome. [D]ThetrickisrememberingthatalittleisbetterthannoneandthatyoucandotwothingsatOnce.Forinstanceifyoubothgoforaweeklyaerobicsgoonthesameday.Ifyoubothwanttogoonvocationschedulethesamedestination. [E]Carefullisteningclearwritingclosereadingplainspeakingandaccuratedescription-willbeinvaluable.Intomorrow’sfast-pacedbusinessenvironmenttherewillbepreciouslittletimetocorrectanymisunderstandings.Communicationsbreakdownmaywellbecomeafatalcorporatedisease. [F]Sometimesbecauseofourunbreakablecommitmentsorothercircumstanceswesimplycan’tgiveaneedyfriendthetimewe’dlike.Ifyoucan’tbethereatthatgivenmomentsaysomethinglike"IwishIcouldbewithyouIcanhearthatyou’reinpain.MayIcallyoutomorrow"Besureyourfriendknowsshe’scaredabout. 43
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MenorcaorMajorcaItisthattimeoftheyearagain.Thebrochuresarepilingupintravelagentswhilenewspapersandmagazinesbulgewithadviceaboutwheretogo.ButthetraditionalpackagedholidayaBritishinnovationthatprovidedmanytimidnativeswiththeirfirstexperienceofwarmsandisnotwhatitwas.IndeedtheindustryisanxiouslyawaitingaHighCourtrulingtofindoutexactlywhatitnowis. TwothingshavechangedthewayBritonsresearchandbooktheirholidays:low-costairlinesandtheinternet.Insteadofbuyingareadymadepackageconsistingofaflighthotelcarhireandassortedentertainmentfromatouroperator’sbrochureitisnoweasytoputtogetheratripusinganonlinetravelagentlikeExpediaorTravelocitywhichlastJulyboughtLastminute.comfor￡577m＄1billionorfromtheproliferatingwebsitesofairlineshotelsandcar-rentalfirms. Thishasledsometosoundthedeathknellforhighstreettravelagentsandtouroperators.Therehavebeenupheavalsandclosuresbutthetraditionalfirmsarestartingtofightbackinpartbymovingmoreoftheirbusinessonline.FirstChoiceHolidaysforinstancesawitspretaxprofitriseby16%to￡114m＄196mintheyeartotheendofOctober.Althoughtheoverallnumberofholidaysbookedhasfallenthecompanyisconcentratingonmorevaluablelong-haulandadventuretrips.FirstChoicenowsellsmorethanhalfitstripsdirectlyeitherviatheinternetoverthetelephoneorfromitsowntravelshops.Itwantsthattoreach75%withinafewyears. Othertouroperatorsareshowingsimilarhustle.MyTravelmanagedtocutitslossbyalmosthalfin2005.ThomasCookandThomsonHolidaysnowbothGermanownedarealsobullishaboutthecomingholidayseason.Highstreettravelagentsarehavingatoughertimethoughnotleastbecausemanyleadingtouroperationshavecutthecommissionstheypay. Somehigh-streettravelagentsarealsolearningtolivewiththeinternethelpingpeoplebookcomplicatedtripsthattheyhaveresearchedonlineprovidingadviceandtackingonotherservices:Thisisseenasagrowtharea.Butifanagentputstogetherseparateflightsandhotelaccommodationisthatapackagetoo TheCivilAviationAuthorityCAAsaysitisandtheagentshouldholdanAirTravelOrganisers-Licencewhichprovidesfinancialguaranteestorepatriatepeopleandproviderefunds.Theschemedatesfromtheearly1970swhensomelargeBritishtravelfirmswentbuststrandingcustomersontheCostas.AlthoughsuchfailuresarelesscommonthesedaystheCAAhadtohelpoutsome30000peoplelastyear.TheAssociationofBritishTravelAgentswenttotheHighCourtinNovembertoarguesuchbookingsarenottraditionalpackagesandsodonotrequireagentstoacquirethecostlylicences.WhilethecourtdecidesmillionsofBritonswillhappilyclickawaybuyingonlineholidaysunawareofthedifference. Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingistrue
"Thisisareallyexcitingtime-aneweraisstarting"saysPeterBazalgettethechiefcreativeofficerofEndemolthetelevisioncompanybehind"BigBrother"andotherpopularshows.Heisreferringtotheupsurgeofinterestinmobiletelevisionanascentindustryattheintersectionoftelecomsandmediawhichoffersnewopportunitiestodevicemakerscontentproducersandmobile-networkoperators.Andheisfarfromaloneinhisenthusiasm. Alreadymanymobileoperatorsofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhichare"streamed"acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmoreefficientthansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.InEuropetheItalianarmof3amobileoperatorrecentlyacquiredCanale7atelevisionchannelwithaviewtolaunchingmobile-TVbroadcastsinItalyinthesecondhalfof2006.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeingtestedinmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhichlaunchedavideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusic-playerinOctoberisstrikingdealswithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandtherangeofshowsthatcanbepurchasedforviewingonthedeviceincluding"Lost""DesperateHousewives"and"Law＆Order".TiVomakerofthepioneeringpersonalvideorecorderPVRsaysitplanstoenablesubscriberstodownloadrecordedshowsontoiPodsandotherportabledevicesforviewingonthemove.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebigtrendsattheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicsShowwhichtookplaceinLasVegasthisweek. DespiteallthisactivityhowevertheprospectsformobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobodyreallyknowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.Informaaconsultancysaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010.Butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedtoliveuptoexpectations.AndevenifpeopledowantTVonthemovethereisfurtheruncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthecontentitself. Accordingtothetextsubstantialworkinmobile-TVnetworkshasbeenconductedin
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Inthespanof18monthsIsaacNewtoninventedcalculusconstructedatheoryofopticsexplainedhowgravityworksanddiscoveredhislawsofmotion.Asaresult1665andtheearlymonthsof1666aretermedhisannusmirabilis.46Itwasasustainedsprintofintellectualachievementthatnoonethoughtcouldeverbeequaled.Butinaspanofafewyearsjustbefore1900itallbegantounravel.Onephenomenonafteranotherwasdiscoveredwhichcouldnotbeexplainedbythelawsofclassicalphysics.47ThetheoriesofNewtonandofJamesClerkMaxwellwhofollowedhiminthemid-19thcenturybycraftingamorecomprehensiveaccountofelectromagnetismwereintrouble. Thenin1905ayoungpatentclerknamedAlbertEinsteinfoundthewayforward.Infiveremarkablepapersheshowedthatatomsarerealitwasstillcontroversialatthetimepresentedhisspecialtheoryofrelativityandputquantumtheoryonitsfeet.ItwasadifferentachievementfromNewton’syearbutEinstein’sannusmirabiliswasnolessremarkable.HedidnotlikeNewtonhavetoinvententirelynewformsofmathematics.Howeverhehadtorevisenotionsofspaceandtimefundamentally.48AndunlikeNewtonwhodidnotpublishhisresultsfornearly20yearssoobsessedwashewithsecrecyandworkingoutthedetailsEinsteinreleasedhispapersoneafteranotherasafusilladeofideas. ForEinsteinitwasjustabeginning--hewouldgoontocreatethegeneraltheoryofrelativityandtopioneerquantummechanics.WhileNewtoncameupwithonesystemforexplainingtheworldEinsteinthuscameupwithtwo.Unfortunatelyhisdiscoveries--relativityandquantumtheorycontradictoneanother.Bothcannotbetrueeverywherealthoughbothareremarkablyaccurate.intheirrespectivedomainsoftheverylargeandtheverysmall.Einsteinwouldspendthelastyearsofhislifeattemptingtoreconcilethetwotheoriesandfailing.49ButthennooneelsehassucceededinfixingtheproblemseitherandEinsteinwasperhapstheonewhosawthemmostclearly. WhenEinsteinwasawardedaNobelprizein1921itwasforthefirstofhispapersof1905whichprovedtheexistenceofphotons--particlesoflight.50UpuntilthatpapercompletedonMarch17thandpublishedinAnnalenderPhysikasweretheother1905paperslighthadbeensupposedtobeawavesincethisexplainstheinterferencepatternscreatedwhenitpassesthroughagrating.Einsteinhoweverbeganfromadifferentpremisebyconsideringthesocalled"black-bodyexperiment". ThetheoriesofNewtonandofJamesClerkMaxwellwhofollowedhiminthemid-19thcenturybycraftingamorecomprehensiveaccountofelectromagnetismwereintrouble.
"Thisisareallyexcitingtime-aneweraisstarting"saysPeterBazalgettethechiefcreativeofficerofEndemolthetelevisioncompanybehind"BigBrother"andotherpopularshows.Heisreferringtotheupsurgeofinterestinmobiletelevisionanascentindustryattheintersectionoftelecomsandmediawhichoffersnewopportunitiestodevicemakerscontentproducersandmobile-networkoperators.Andheisfarfromaloneinhisenthusiasm. Alreadymanymobileoperatorsofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhichare"streamed"acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmoreefficientthansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.InEuropetheItalianarmof3amobileoperatorrecentlyacquiredCanale7atelevisionchannelwithaviewtolaunchingmobile-TVbroadcastsinItalyinthesecondhalfof2006.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeingtestedinmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhichlaunchedavideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusic-playerinOctoberisstrikingdealswithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandtherangeofshowsthatcanbepurchasedforviewingonthedeviceincluding"Lost""DesperateHousewives"and"Law＆Order".TiVomakerofthepioneeringpersonalvideorecorderPVRsaysitplanstoenablesubscriberstodownloadrecordedshowsontoiPodsandotherportabledevicesforviewingonthemove.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebigtrendsattheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicsShowwhichtookplaceinLasVegasthisweek. DespiteallthisactivityhowevertheprospectsformobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobodyreallyknowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.Informaaconsultancysaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010.Butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedtoliveuptoexpectations.AndevenifpeopledowantTVonthemovethereisfurtheruncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthecontentitself. Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphofthetextthat
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Inthespanof18monthsIsaacNewtoninventedcalculusconstructedatheoryofopticsexplainedhowgravityworksanddiscoveredhislawsofmotion.Asaresult1665andtheearlymonthsof1666aretermedhisannusmirabilis.46Itwasasustainedsprintofintellectualachievementthatnoonethoughtcouldeverbeequaled.Butinaspanofafewyearsjustbefore1900itallbegantounravel.Onephenomenonafteranotherwasdiscoveredwhichcouldnotbeexplainedbythelawsofclassicalphysics.47ThetheoriesofNewtonandofJamesClerkMaxwellwhofollowedhiminthemid-19thcenturybycraftingamorecomprehensiveaccountofelectromagnetismwereintrouble. Thenin1905ayoungpatentclerknamedAlbertEinsteinfoundthewayforward.Infiveremarkablepapersheshowedthatatomsarerealitwasstillcontroversialatthetimepresentedhisspecialtheoryofrelativityandputquantumtheoryonitsfeet.ItwasadifferentachievementfromNewton’syearbutEinstein’sannusmirabiliswasnolessremarkable.HedidnotlikeNewtonhavetoinvententirelynewformsofmathematics.Howeverhehadtorevisenotionsofspaceandtimefundamentally.48AndunlikeNewtonwhodidnotpublishhisresultsfornearly20yearssoobsessedwashewithsecrecyandworkingoutthedetailsEinsteinreleasedhispapersoneafteranotherasafusilladeofideas. ForEinsteinitwasjustabeginning--hewouldgoontocreatethegeneraltheoryofrelativityandtopioneerquantummechanics.WhileNewtoncameupwithonesystemforexplainingtheworldEinsteinthuscameupwithtwo.Unfortunatelyhisdiscoveries--relativityandquantumtheorycontradictoneanother.Bothcannotbetrueeverywherealthoughbothareremarkablyaccurate.intheirrespectivedomainsoftheverylargeandtheverysmall.Einsteinwouldspendthelastyearsofhislifeattemptingtoreconcilethetwotheoriesandfailing.49ButthennooneelsehassucceededinfixingtheproblemseitherandEinsteinwasperhapstheonewhosawthemmostclearly. WhenEinsteinwasawardedaNobelprizein1921itwasforthefirstofhispapersof1905whichprovedtheexistenceofphotons--particlesoflight.50UpuntilthatpapercompletedonMarch17thandpublishedinAnnalenderPhysikasweretheother1905paperslighthadbeensupposedtobeawavesincethisexplainstheinterferencepatternscreatedwhenitpassesthroughagrating.Einsteinhoweverbeganfromadifferentpremisebyconsideringthesocalled"black-bodyexperiment". AndunlikeNewtonwhodidnotpublishhisresultsfornearly20yearssoobsessedwashewithsecrecyandworkingoutthedetailsEinsteinreleasedhispapersoneafteranotherasafusilladeofideas.
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Thelast-minutevictoryoftheTexasLonghornsinthisyear’sRoseBowl--America’scollegefootballchampionship--wasthekindofthingthatstayswithfansforever.Justaswellbecausemanyhadpaidvastsumstoseethegame.RoseBowlticketsofficiallysoldfor＄175each.Ontheinternetresellerswerehawkingthemforasmuchas＄3000apop."Nobodyknowshowtocontrol[this]"observedMitchDorgerthetournament’schiefexecutive. Re-sellingticketsforaprofitknownlesspolitelyasscalpinginAmericaortoutinginBritainisbooming.InAmericaalonethe"secondarymarket"forticketstosought-aftereventsisworthover＄10billionreckonsJeffreyFluhrthebossofStubHubanonlineticketmarket.Scalpingusedtobeaboutburlymenlurkingoutsidestadiumswithfistfulsoftickets.Criesof"Ticketshereticketshere"stillringoutbeforekickoff.Buttheinternethascreatedalargerandmoreefficientmarket.Someinternet-basedticketagenciessuchastickcocomanddynamiteticketzcomactastraditionalscalpersbuyingupticketsandsellingthemonforasubstantialmark-up.ButotherslikeStubHubhaveanewbusinessmode—bringtogetherbuyersandsellersandthentakeacut.ForeachtransactionStubHubtakesajuicy25%. Despiteitssubstantialcommission—farhigherthanthosechargedbyotheronlineintermediariesincludingeBayorCraigslist—StubHubisflourishing.Thefirmwassetupin2000andthisyear’sRoseBowlwasitsbiggesteventever.TheSuperBowlinearlyFebruarywillbringanothernicehaulashaveU2andRollingStonesconcerts.UnlikeeBaywhichisthelargestonlinetraderinticketsStubHubguaranteeseachtransactionsobuyersneednotworryaboutfraud.Thecompany’srevenuesnowaround＄200maretriplingannuallydespiteitsstartinthedotcombust.Andthereisplentymoreroomtogrow.Mr.Fluhrnotesthatthemarketremains"highlyfragmented"withtinyoperationsstillflourishingandnewspaperclassifiedsnotyetdead. Buttherearerisks.Someeventsareboostingpricestocuttheresalemargins;othersareusingspecialmeasurestocrackdown.ThissummerticketstothesoccerWorldCupinGermanywillincludethenameandpassportnumberoftheoriginalpurchaserandembeddedchipsthatmatchthebuyertothetickets. Thentherearelegalworries.InAmericamorethanadozenstateshaveanti-scalpinglawsofvariouskinds.NewMexicoforbidstheresellingofticketsforcollegegames;Mississippidoessoforalleventsongovernment-ownedproperty.Suchlawsareoftenignoredbutcanstillbite.InMassachusettswhereresellingaticketformorethan＄2abovefacevalueisunlawfulonefanbroughtalawsuitlastautumnagainst16companiesincludingStubHuboverhispriceyRedSoxtickets. Severemeasurestodiscouragere-sellingticketsforprofitsareillustratedwith
Backwhenwewerekidsthehoursspentwithfriendsweretoonumeroustocount.Thereweremarathontelephoneconversations;all-nightstudyingandgigglingsessions.Evenafterboyfriendsenteredthepicturedourbestfriendsremainedirreplaceable.AndtimewasthemeansbyWhichwenurturedthosefriendships.Nowasadultwomenweneverseemtohaveenoughtimeforanything.Husbandskidscareersandavocations--allrequireattention;toooftenmakingtimeforourfriendscomeslastonthelistofpriorities.Andyetironicallyweneedourfriendsasmuchaseverinadulthood.Afriendshipnetworkisabsolutelycrucialforourwellbeingasadults.Wehavetodothehardworkofbuildingandsustainingthenetwork.Herearesomeimportantwaysforaccomplishingthis. Letgoofyourlesscentralfriendships. Manyofourfriendshipswerenevermeanttolastalifetime.It’snaturalthatsomefriendshipshavetimelimits.Furthermorenoweveryonehasabusysocialcalendarsopullbackfromsomepeoplethatyoudon’treallywanttodrawclosetoandgivethemostpromisingfriendshipafairchancetogrow. 41Bewillingto"dropeverything"whenyou’retrulyneeded. Youmaygetacallfromafriendwhoisreallydepressedoveracertainproblemwhenyouarejustsittingdowntoenjoyaromanticdinnerwithyourhusband.Thisisjustoneofthoseinstanceswhenafriend’sneedsmatteredmore. 42Takeadvantageofthemails. Nearlyallofushavepalslivingfaraway--friendswemissverymuch.Giventhelimitedtimeavailableforvisitsandthehighpriceofphonecallswritingisafinewaytokeepintouchandmakesbothsenderandreceiverfeelgood. 43Riskexpressingnegativefeelings. Whentimetogetheristoughtocomebyit’snaturaltowantthemoodduringthattimetobeupbeat.Andmanypeoplefearthatotherswillthinklessofyouifyouexpressthenegativefeelingslikeangerandhurt. 44Don’tmakeyourfriends’problemsyourown. Sharingyourfriend’sgriefisthewayyoushowdeepfriendship. Neverunderestimatethevalueofloyalty. Loyaltyhasalwaysbeenratedasoneofthemostdesiredqualitiesinfriends.Trueloyaltycanbeafairlysubtlething.Somepeoplefeelitmeansthatnomatterwhatyourfriendwillalwaystakeyouside.Butrealloyaltyisbeingacceptingthepersonnotnecessarilyofcertainactionsyourfriendmighttake. 45Givethegiftoftimeasoftenastimeallows. Timeiswhatwedon’thavenearlyenoughof--andyetarmedwithalittleingenuitywecanmakeittogiveittoourfriends. Thelastbutnottheleastthingtokeepafriendshipaliveistosaytoyourfriends"Imissyouandloveyou."Sayingthatattheendofaphoneconversationoravisitorwritingitonabirthdaycardcansustainyourfriendshipforthetimesyouaren’ttogether. [A]Buttakingonyourfriend’spaindoesn’tmakethatpaingoaway.There’sabigdifferencebetweenempathyorrecognizingafriend’spainandoveridentificationwhichmakesthesuffererfeelevenweaker--"ImustbeinworsepainthanIeventhoughtbecausethepersonI’mconfidinginissufferingsomuch!"Remembertroubledpeoplejustneedtheirfriendstostaygroundedintheirownfeelings. [B]Rememberhonestyisthekeytokeepingafriendshipreal.Sharingyourpainwillactuallydeepenafriendship. [C]Besidesletterscardsandpostcardshavethevirtueofbeingtangible--friendscankeepthemandrereadthemforyearstocome. [D]ThetrickisrememberingthatalittleisbetterthannoneandthatyoucandotwothingsatOnce.Forinstanceifyoubothgoforaweeklyaerobicsgoonthesameday.Ifyoubothwanttogoonvocationschedulethesamedestination. [E]Carefullisteningclearwritingclosereadingplainspeakingandaccuratedescription-willbeinvaluable.Intomorrow’sfast-pacedbusinessenvironmenttherewillbepreciouslittletimetocorrectanymisunderstandings.Communicationsbreakdownmaywellbecomeafatalcorporatedisease. [F]Sometimesbecauseofourunbreakablecommitmentsorothercircumstanceswesimplycan’tgiveaneedyfriendthetimewe’dlike.Ifyoucan’tbethereatthatgivenmomentsaysomethinglike"IwishIcouldbewithyouIcanhearthatyou’reinpain.MayIcallyoutomorrow"Besureyourfriendknowsshe’scaredabout. 45
MenorcaorMajorcaItisthattimeoftheyearagain.Thebrochuresarepilingupintravelagentswhilenewspapersandmagazinesbulgewithadviceaboutwheretogo.ButthetraditionalpackagedholidayaBritishinnovationthatprovidedmanytimidnativeswiththeirfirstexperienceofwarmsandisnotwhatitwas.IndeedtheindustryisanxiouslyawaitingaHighCourtrulingtofindoutexactlywhatitnowis. TwothingshavechangedthewayBritonsresearchandbooktheirholidays:low-costairlinesandtheinternet.Insteadofbuyingareadymadepackageconsistingofaflighthotelcarhireandassortedentertainmentfromatouroperator’sbrochureitisnoweasytoputtogetheratripusinganonlinetravelagentlikeExpediaorTravelocitywhichlastJulyboughtLastminute.comfor￡577m＄1billionorfromtheproliferatingwebsitesofairlineshotelsandcar-rentalfirms. Thishasledsometosoundthedeathknellforhighstreettravelagentsandtouroperators.Therehavebeenupheavalsandclosuresbutthetraditionalfirmsarestartingtofightbackinpartbymovingmoreoftheirbusinessonline.FirstChoiceHolidaysforinstancesawitspretaxprofitriseby16%to￡114m＄196mintheyeartotheendofOctober.Althoughtheoverallnumberofholidaysbookedhasfallenthecompanyisconcentratingonmorevaluablelong-haulandadventuretrips.FirstChoicenowsellsmorethanhalfitstripsdirectlyeitherviatheinternetoverthetelephoneorfromitsowntravelshops.Itwantsthattoreach75%withinafewyears. Othertouroperatorsareshowingsimilarhustle.MyTravelmanagedtocutitslossbyalmosthalfin2005.ThomasCookandThomsonHolidaysnowbothGermanownedarealsobullishaboutthecomingholidayseason.Highstreettravelagentsarehavingatoughertimethoughnotleastbecausemanyleadingtouroperationshavecutthecommissionstheypay. Somehigh-streettravelagentsarealsolearningtolivewiththeinternethelpingpeoplebookcomplicatedtripsthattheyhaveresearchedonlineprovidingadviceandtackingonotherservices:Thisisseenasagrowtharea.Butifanagentputstogetherseparateflightsandhotelaccommodationisthatapackagetoo TheCivilAviationAuthorityCAAsaysitisandtheagentshouldholdanAirTravelOrganisers-Licencewhichprovidesfinancialguaranteestorepatriatepeopleandproviderefunds.Theschemedatesfromtheearly1970swhensomelargeBritishtravelfirmswentbuststrandingcustomersontheCostas.AlthoughsuchfailuresarelesscommonthesedaystheCAAhadtohelpoutsome30000peoplelastyear.TheAssociationofBritishTravelAgentswenttotheHighCourtinNovembertoarguesuchbookingsarenottraditionalpackagesandsodonotrequireagentstoacquirethecostlylicences.WhilethecourtdecidesmillionsofBritonswillhappilyclickawaybuyingonlineholidaysunawareofthedifference. Accordingtothefirstandlastparagraphswhichofthefollowingisstillinsuspense
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
MenorcaorMajorcaItisthattimeoftheyearagain.Thebrochuresarepilingupintravelagentswhilenewspapersandmagazinesbulgewithadviceaboutwheretogo.ButthetraditionalpackagedholidayaBritishinnovationthatprovidedmanytimidnativeswiththeirfirstexperienceofwarmsandisnotwhatitwas.IndeedtheindustryisanxiouslyawaitingaHighCourtrulingtofindoutexactlywhatitnowis. TwothingshavechangedthewayBritonsresearchandbooktheirholidays:low-costairlinesandtheinternet.Insteadofbuyingareadymadepackageconsistingofaflighthotelcarhireandassortedentertainmentfromatouroperator’sbrochureitisnoweasytoputtogetheratripusinganonlinetravelagentlikeExpediaorTravelocitywhichlastJulyboughtLastminute.comfor￡577m＄1billionorfromtheproliferatingwebsitesofairlineshotelsandcar-rentalfirms. Thishasledsometosoundthedeathknellforhighstreettravelagentsandtouroperators.Therehavebeenupheavalsandclosuresbutthetraditionalfirmsarestartingtofightbackinpartbymovingmoreoftheirbusinessonline.FirstChoiceHolidaysforinstancesawitspretaxprofitriseby16%to￡114m＄196mintheyeartotheendofOctober.Althoughtheoverallnumberofholidaysbookedhasfallenthecompanyisconcentratingonmorevaluablelong-haulandadventuretrips.FirstChoicenowsellsmorethanhalfitstripsdirectlyeitherviatheinternetoverthetelephoneorfromitsowntravelshops.Itwantsthattoreach75%withinafewyears. Othertouroperatorsareshowingsimilarhustle.MyTravelmanagedtocutitslossbyalmosthalfin2005.ThomasCookandThomsonHolidaysnowbothGermanownedarealsobullishaboutthecomingholidayseason.Highstreettravelagentsarehavingatoughertimethoughnotleastbecausemanyleadingtouroperationshavecutthecommissionstheypay. Somehigh-streettravelagentsarealsolearningtolivewiththeinternethelpingpeoplebookcomplicatedtripsthattheyhaveresearchedonlineprovidingadviceandtackingonotherservices:Thisisseenasagrowtharea.Butifanagentputstogetherseparateflightsandhotelaccommodationisthatapackagetoo TheCivilAviationAuthorityCAAsaysitisandtheagentshouldholdanAirTravelOrganisers-Licencewhichprovidesfinancialguaranteestorepatriatepeopleandproviderefunds.Theschemedatesfromtheearly1970swhensomelargeBritishtravelfirmswentbuststrandingcustomersontheCostas.AlthoughsuchfailuresarelesscommonthesedaystheCAAhadtohelpoutsome30000peoplelastyear.TheAssociationofBritishTravelAgentswenttotheHighCourtinNovembertoarguesuchbookingsarenottraditionalpackagesandsodonotrequireagentstoacquirethecostlylicences.WhilethecourtdecidesmillionsofBritonswillhappilyclickawaybuyingonlineholidaysunawareofthedifference. Basedonthefirstparagraphthebesttitleofthetextcouldbe
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
TheymaynotbetherichestbutAfricansremaintheworld’sstaunchestoptimists.AnannualsurveybyGallupInternationalaresearchoutfitshowsthatwhenaskedwhetherthisyearwillbebetterthanlastAfricaonceagaincomesoutontop.Outof52000peopleinterviewedallovertheworldunderhalfbelievethatthingsarelookingup.ButinAfricatheproportioniscloseto60%almosttwiceasmuchasinEurope. Africanshavesomereasonstobecheerful.Thecontinent’seconomyhasbeendoingfairlywellwithSouthAfricatheeconomicpowerhousegrowingsteadilyoverthepastfewyears.SomeofAfrica’slong-runningconflictssuchasthewarbetweenthenorthandsouthinSudanandthecivilwarinCongohaveended.AfricaevenhasitsfirstelectedfemaleheadofstateinLiberia. Yetthereisnoshortageofdownerstoo.MostofAfricaremainsdirtpoor.CrisesinplaceslikeCoted’IvoireSierraLeoneandZimbabwearefarfromsolved.AndthedemocraticcredentialsofEthiopiaandUgandaoncethedarlingsofwesterndonorshavetakenabadknock.AIDSkilledovergmAfricansin2005andwillkillmorethisyear. SoisitalljustacaseofirrationalexuberanceMerilJamesofGalluparguesthatthereisinfactusuallyverylittlerelationbetweenthesurvey’soptimismrankingsandreality.AfricansthisyearledbyNigeriansareconsistentlythemostupbeatwhethertheirlotgetsbetterornot.OntheotherhandGreece--hardlytheworstplaceonearth--topsthegloomanddoomchartfollowedcloselybyPortugalandFrance. MsJamesspeculatesthatreligionmayhavealottodowithit.NineoutoftenAfricansarereligiousthehighestproportionintheworld.ButcynicsarguethatmostAfricansbelievethat2006willbegoldenbecausethingshavebeensobadthatitishardtoimaginehowtheycouldpossiblygetworse.ThismayhelpexplainwhyplacesthathavesufferedrecentmisfortunessuchasKosovoandAfghanistanrankamongthetopfiveoptimists.MoussakaforthoughtforthosedepressedGreeks. ItcanbeinferredfromthefourparagraphofthetextthatAfricanoptimismis
"Thisisareallyexcitingtime-aneweraisstarting"saysPeterBazalgettethechiefcreativeofficerofEndemolthetelevisioncompanybehind"BigBrother"andotherpopularshows.Heisreferringtotheupsurgeofinterestinmobiletelevisionanascentindustryattheintersectionoftelecomsandmediawhichoffersnewopportunitiestodevicemakerscontentproducersandmobile-networkoperators.Andheisfarfromaloneinhisenthusiasm. Alreadymanymobileoperatorsofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhichare"streamed"acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmoreefficientthansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.InEuropetheItalianarmof3amobileoperatorrecentlyacquiredCanale7atelevisionchannelwithaviewtolaunchingmobile-TVbroadcastsinItalyinthesecondhalfof2006.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeingtestedinmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhichlaunchedavideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusic-playerinOctoberisstrikingdealswithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandtherangeofshowsthatcanbepurchasedforviewingonthedeviceincluding"Lost""DesperateHousewives"and"Law＆Order".TiVomakerofthepioneeringpersonalvideorecorderPVRsaysitplanstoenablesubscriberstodownloadrecordedshowsontoiPodsandotherportabledevicesforviewingonthemove.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebigtrendsattheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicsShowwhichtookplaceinLasVegasthisweek. DespiteallthisactivityhowevertheprospectsformobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobodyreallyknowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.Informaaconsultancysaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010.Butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedtoliveuptoexpectations.AndevenifpeopledowantTVonthemovethereisfurtheruncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthecontentitself. Thewordnascentinthefirstparagraphofthetextmostprobablymeans
TheymaynotbetherichestbutAfricansremaintheworld’sstaunchestoptimists.AnannualsurveybyGallupInternationalaresearchoutfitshowsthatwhenaskedwhetherthisyearwillbebetterthanlastAfricaonceagaincomesoutontop.Outof52000peopleinterviewedallovertheworldunderhalfbelievethatthingsarelookingup.ButinAfricatheproportioniscloseto60%almosttwiceasmuchasinEurope. Africanshavesomereasonstobecheerful.Thecontinent’seconomyhasbeendoingfairlywellwithSouthAfricatheeconomicpowerhousegrowingsteadilyoverthepastfewyears.SomeofAfrica’slong-runningconflictssuchasthewarbetweenthenorthandsouthinSudanandthecivilwarinCongohaveended.AfricaevenhasitsfirstelectedfemaleheadofstateinLiberia. Yetthereisnoshortageofdownerstoo.MostofAfricaremainsdirtpoor.CrisesinplaceslikeCoted’IvoireSierraLeoneandZimbabwearefarfromsolved.AndthedemocraticcredentialsofEthiopiaandUgandaoncethedarlingsofwesterndonorshavetakenabadknock.AIDSkilledovergmAfricansin2005andwillkillmorethisyear. SoisitalljustacaseofirrationalexuberanceMerilJamesofGalluparguesthatthereisinfactusuallyverylittlerelationbetweenthesurvey’soptimismrankingsandreality.AfricansthisyearledbyNigeriansareconsistentlythemostupbeatwhethertheirlotgetsbetterornot.OntheotherhandGreece--hardlytheworstplaceonearth--topsthegloomanddoomchartfollowedcloselybyPortugalandFrance. MsJamesspeculatesthatreligionmayhavealottodowithit.NineoutoftenAfricansarereligiousthehighestproportionintheworld.ButcynicsarguethatmostAfricansbelievethat2006willbegoldenbecausethingshavebeensobadthatitishardtoimaginehowtheycouldpossiblygetworse.ThismayhelpexplainwhyplacesthathavesufferedrecentmisfortunessuchasKosovoandAfghanistanrankamongthetopfiveoptimists.MoussakaforthoughtforthosedepressedGreeks. ThetoneoftheauthorindiscussingAfricanstatuscanbedefinedasbeing
Backwhenwewerekidsthehoursspentwithfriendsweretoonumeroustocount.Thereweremarathontelephoneconversations;all-nightstudyingandgigglingsessions.Evenafterboyfriendsenteredthepicturedourbestfriendsremainedirreplaceable.AndtimewasthemeansbyWhichwenurturedthosefriendships.Nowasadultwomenweneverseemtohaveenoughtimeforanything.Husbandskidscareersandavocations--allrequireattention;toooftenmakingtimeforourfriendscomeslastonthelistofpriorities.Andyetironicallyweneedourfriendsasmuchaseverinadulthood.Afriendshipnetworkisabsolutelycrucialforourwellbeingasadults.Wehavetodothehardworkofbuildingandsustainingthenetwork.Herearesomeimportantwaysforaccomplishingthis. Letgoofyourlesscentralfriendships. Manyofourfriendshipswerenevermeanttolastalifetime.It’snaturalthatsomefriendshipshavetimelimits.Furthermorenoweveryonehasabusysocialcalendarsopullbackfromsomepeoplethatyoudon’treallywanttodrawclosetoandgivethemostpromisingfriendshipafairchancetogrow. 41Bewillingto"dropeverything"whenyou’retrulyneeded. Youmaygetacallfromafriendwhoisreallydepressedoveracertainproblemwhenyouarejustsittingdowntoenjoyaromanticdinnerwithyourhusband.Thisisjustoneofthoseinstanceswhenafriend’sneedsmatteredmore. 42Takeadvantageofthemails. Nearlyallofushavepalslivingfaraway--friendswemissverymuch.Giventhelimitedtimeavailableforvisitsandthehighpriceofphonecallswritingisafinewaytokeepintouchandmakesbothsenderandreceiverfeelgood. 43Riskexpressingnegativefeelings. Whentimetogetheristoughtocomebyit’snaturaltowantthemoodduringthattimetobeupbeat.Andmanypeoplefearthatotherswillthinklessofyouifyouexpressthenegativefeelingslikeangerandhurt. 44Don’tmakeyourfriends’problemsyourown. Sharingyourfriend’sgriefisthewayyoushowdeepfriendship. Neverunderestimatethevalueofloyalty. Loyaltyhasalwaysbeenratedasoneofthemostdesiredqualitiesinfriends.Trueloyaltycanbeafairlysubtlething.Somepeoplefeelitmeansthatnomatterwhatyourfriendwillalwaystakeyouside.Butrealloyaltyisbeingacceptingthepersonnotnecessarilyofcertainactionsyourfriendmighttake. 45Givethegiftoftimeasoftenastimeallows. Timeiswhatwedon’thavenearlyenoughof--andyetarmedwithalittleingenuitywecanmakeittogiveittoourfriends. Thelastbutnottheleastthingtokeepafriendshipaliveistosaytoyourfriends"Imissyouandloveyou."Sayingthatattheendofaphoneconversationoravisitorwritingitonabirthdaycardcansustainyourfriendshipforthetimesyouaren’ttogether. [A]Buttakingonyourfriend’spaindoesn’tmakethatpaingoaway.There’sabigdifferencebetweenempathyorrecognizingafriend’spainandoveridentificationwhichmakesthesuffererfeelevenweaker--"ImustbeinworsepainthanIeventhoughtbecausethepersonI’mconfidinginissufferingsomuch!"Remembertroubledpeoplejustneedtheirfriendstostaygroundedintheirownfeelings. [B]Rememberhonestyisthekeytokeepingafriendshipreal.Sharingyourpainwillactuallydeepenafriendship. [C]Besidesletterscardsandpostcardshavethevirtueofbeingtangible--friendscankeepthemandrereadthemforyearstocome. [D]ThetrickisrememberingthatalittleisbetterthannoneandthatyoucandotwothingsatOnce.Forinstanceifyoubothgoforaweeklyaerobicsgoonthesameday.Ifyoubothwanttogoonvocationschedulethesamedestination. [E]Carefullisteningclearwritingclosereadingplainspeakingandaccuratedescription-willbeinvaluable.Intomorrow’sfast-pacedbusinessenvironmenttherewillbepreciouslittletimetocorrectanymisunderstandings.Communicationsbreakdownmaywellbecomeafatalcorporatedisease. [F]Sometimesbecauseofourunbreakablecommitmentsorothercircumstanceswesimplycan’tgiveaneedyfriendthetimewe’dlike.Ifyoucan’tbethereatthatgivenmomentsaysomethinglike"IwishIcouldbewithyouIcanhearthatyou’reinpain.MayIcallyoutomorrow"Besureyourfriendknowsshe’scaredabout. 41
Thelast-minutevictoryoftheTexasLonghornsinthisyear’sRoseBowl--America’scollegefootballchampionship--wasthekindofthingthatstayswithfansforever.Justaswellbecausemanyhadpaidvastsumstoseethegame.RoseBowlticketsofficiallysoldfor＄175each.Ontheinternetresellerswerehawkingthemforasmuchas＄3000apop."Nobodyknowshowtocontrol[this]"observedMitchDorgerthetournament’schiefexecutive. Re-sellingticketsforaprofitknownlesspolitelyasscalpinginAmericaortoutinginBritainisbooming.InAmericaalonethe"secondarymarket"forticketstosought-aftereventsisworthover＄10billionreckonsJeffreyFluhrthebossofStubHubanonlineticketmarket.Scalpingusedtobeaboutburlymenlurkingoutsidestadiumswithfistfulsoftickets.Criesof"Ticketshereticketshere"stillringoutbeforekickoff.Buttheinternethascreatedalargerandmoreefficientmarket.Someinternet-basedticketagenciessuchastickcocomanddynamiteticketzcomactastraditionalscalpersbuyingupticketsandsellingthemonforasubstantialmark-up.ButotherslikeStubHubhaveanewbusinessmode—bringtogetherbuyersandsellersandthentakeacut.ForeachtransactionStubHubtakesajuicy25%. Despiteitssubstantialcommission—farhigherthanthosechargedbyotheronlineintermediariesincludingeBayorCraigslist—StubHubisflourishing.Thefirmwassetupin2000andthisyear’sRoseBowlwasitsbiggesteventever.TheSuperBowlinearlyFebruarywillbringanothernicehaulashaveU2andRollingStonesconcerts.UnlikeeBaywhichisthelargestonlinetraderinticketsStubHubguaranteeseachtransactionsobuyersneednotworryaboutfraud.Thecompany’srevenuesnowaround＄200maretriplingannuallydespiteitsstartinthedotcombust.Andthereisplentymoreroomtogrow.Mr.Fluhrnotesthatthemarketremains"highlyfragmented"withtinyoperationsstillflourishingandnewspaperclassifiedsnotyetdead. Buttherearerisks.Someeventsareboostingpricestocuttheresalemargins;othersareusingspecialmeasurestocrackdown.ThissummerticketstothesoccerWorldCupinGermanywillincludethenameandpassportnumberoftheoriginalpurchaserandembeddedchipsthatmatchthebuyertothetickets. Thentherearelegalworries.InAmericamorethanadozenstateshaveanti-scalpinglawsofvariouskinds.NewMexicoforbidstheresellingofticketsforcollegegames;Mississippidoessoforalleventsongovernment-ownedproperty.Suchlawsareoftenignoredbutcanstillbite.InMassachusettswhereresellingaticketformorethan＄2abovefacevalueisunlawfulonefanbroughtalawsuitlastautumnagainst16companiesincludingStubHuboverhispriceyRedSoxtickets. Inboththesecondandthethirdparagraphstheauthoremployswhichofthefollowingwritingdevice
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