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PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1 WhenEuropeanUnionEUleaderstook deliveryofEurope’sfirstdraftofaconstitutionatasummitinGreecelast Juneitwaswithalmostuniversalpraise.Therewaswide agreementthatthetextcouldsavetheEUfromparalysisonceitexpandsfrom15 to25membersnextyear.ItwouldgiveEuropeamorestableleadershipand greatercloutontheworldstagesaidthechairmanoftheConventionwhich draftedtheagreementformerFrenchPresidentValeryGiscard d’Estaing.Suchpraisewastoogoodtolast.Astheproductofa unique16-monthpublicdebatethedrafthasbecomeabattleground.Lessthan fourmonthsafteritwasdeliveredthesameleaderswhoaccepteditopenedthe secondroundoftalksonitscontentthisweekbytradingveiledthreatsto blockagreementorcutofffundsiftheydon’tgettheirway. Thetonewaspolitebutunyielding.Inablandjointstatementissued whenthetalksopenedonOctober4theleadersstressedtheconstitution representsavitalstepintheprocessaimedatmakingEuropemorecohesive moredemocraticandclosertoitscitizens.Sharpdifferencesremainthough betweenmembercountriesoftheEUovervotingrightsthesizeandcomposition oftheexecutiveEuropeanCommissiondefenseco-operationandtheroleof religioninthenewconstitution.ItalianPrimeMinisterSilvio Berlusconi’shopesofwrappingupadealontheconstitutionbyChristmasseem farfrombeingrealized.WhilethesixfoundingmembersoftheEU--Germany FranceItalytheNetherlandsBelgiumandLuxembourg--plusBritainand Denmarkwantaslittlechangeaspossibletothedraftthe10mainlycentral Europeancountriesduetojointhe15-nationblocnextyearwanttoalterthe institution’sbalance.Suchsmallstatesareafraidtheirviews willbeignoredundertheconstitutionandaredeterminedtodefendthe disproportionatevotingrightstheywonatthe2000NiceSummit.EUexpertsfear suchsharpdifferenceswillcreateexactlytheparalysisintheEUthe Conventionwasestablishedtoavoid.AccordingtoexpertstherealthingthatmayparalyzeEUis
LongbeforeManlivedontheEarththerewerefishes reptilesbirdsinsectsandsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswere ancestorsofkindslivingtodayothersarenowextinctthatistheyhaveno descendantsalivenow.41.Veryoccasionallytherocks showimpressionofskinsothatapartfromcolorwecanbuildupareasonably accuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsofyearsago.Thatkindofrock inwhichtheremainsarefoundtellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginal landoftenoftheplantsthatgrewonitandevenofitsclimate. 42Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerepreservedin rocksformedbywateractionandmostoftheseareofanimalsthatlivedinor nearwater.Thusitfollowsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammalsbirdsand insectsofwhichweknownothing.43.Therewerealso crablikecreatureswhosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstance.Thebody segmentseachhadtwopairsoflegsonepairforwalkingonthesandybottom theotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairofcompound eyesoftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwolongbut somewere2feet.44.Ofthesetheammonitesarevery interestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychamberseach representingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargeritgrewa newchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.Thousandsofthesecanbeseenin therocksontheDorsetCoast.45.About75millionyears agotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthegroupsdiedout.Themammals quicklydevelopedandwecantracetheevolutionofmanyfamiliaranimalssuch astheelephantandhorse.Manyofthelatermammalsthoughnowextinctwere knowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincavepaintingsandonbone carvings.[A]Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockand manydifferentkindsareknown[B]Neverthelessweknowagreat dealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedin therocksasfossils.Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshapehowthey walkedthekindoffoodtheyate.[C]Thefirstanimalswith truebackboneswerethefishesfirstknownintherocksof375millionyears ago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibianstheanimalsabletoliveboth onlandandinwaterappeared.Theyweregiantsometimes8feetlongandmany ofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseamorlayerorformed. Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearsthese weretheprincipalformsoflifeonlandintheseaandintheair. [D]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreature.Thereanimals evolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeoverlargeareasoftheworld. [E]Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallvery simplekindsandlivedinthesea.Laterformaaremorecomplexandamongthese arethesea-liliesrelationsofthestar-fisheswhichhadlongarmsandwere attachedbyalongstalktotheseabedortorocks.[F]When ananimaldiesthebodyitsbonesorshellmayoftenbecarriedawayby streamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimal livedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreand moremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedand preserved.[G]Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsare preservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbyminerals dissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpressionorsimply reducedtoamorestableform.
Text4 Itistrueasthemovementcritics assertthatthepresentwomen’sliberationgroupsarealmostentirelybased amongmiddleclasswomenthatiscollegeandcareerwomen;andtheissuesof psychologicalandsexualexploitationandtoalesserextentexploitation throughconsumptionhavebeenthemostprominentones.Itis notsurprisingthatthewomen’sliberationmovementshouldbeginamongbourgeois womenandshouldbedominatedinthebeginningbytheirconsciousnessandtheir particularconcerns.Radicalwomenaregenerallythepostwarmiddleclass generationthatgrewupwiththerighttovotethechanceathighereducation andtrainingforsupportiverolesintheprofessionsandbusiness.Mostofthem areyoungandsophisticatedenoughtohavenotyethadchildrenanddonothave tomarrytosupportthemselves.Incomparisonwithmostwomentheyarecapable ofacertainamountofcontrolovertheirlives.Thehigher developmentofbourgeoisdemocraticsocietyallowsthewomenwhobenefitfrom educationandrelativeequalitytoseethecontradictionsbetweenitsrhetoric everychildcanbecomepresidentandtheiractualplaceinthatsociety.The workingclasswomanmightbelievethateducationcouldhavemadeherfinancially independentbuttheeducatedcareerwomanfindsthatmoneyhasnotmadeher independent.Infactbecauseshehasbeenallowedtoprogresshalfwayonthe upward-mobilityladdershecanseetherestofthedistancethatisdeniedher onlybecausesheisawoman.Shecanseethesimilaritybetweenheroppression andthatofothersectionsofthepopulation.Thusfromtheirownexperience radicalwomeninthemovementareawareofmorefaultsinthesocietythan racismandimperialism.Becausetheyhavepushedthedemocraticmythtoits limitstheyknowconcretelyhowitlimitsthem.Atthesame timethatradicalwomenwerelearningaboutAmericansocietytheywerealso becomingawareofthemalechauvinisminthemovement.Infactthatisusually thecauseoftheirfirstconscious100verbalizationoftheprejudicetheyfeel; itismoredisillusioningtoknowthatthesamecontradictionexistsbetweenthe movement’srhetoricofequalityanditsrealityforweexpectmoreofour comrades.Thisrealizationofthedeep-seatedprejudiceagainst themselvesinthemovementproducestwocommonreactionsamongitswomen:1a preoccupationwiththisimmediatebarrierandperhapsaresultant hopelessnessand2atendencytoretreatinwardtobuythefool’sgoldof creatingapersonallyliberatedlifestyle.Howeverourconcept ofliberationrepresentsaconsciousnessthatconditionshaveforcedonuswhile mostofoursistersarechainedbyotherconditionsbiologicalandeconomic thatoverwhelmtheirhumanityanddesiresforself-fulfillment.Ourbackground accountsforourignoranceaboutthestarkoppressionofwomen’sdaily lives.Accordingtothetextwhatmightalotofwomendowhentheyrealizetheprejudiceintheirmovement
而不藏虚邪贼风避之①②真气从之精神内守病安从来素问上古天真论
凡刺之法先必本于神灵枢·本神
PartCDirections:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbe writtenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points Traditionallythewomanhasheldalowpositioninmarriage partnerships.Whileherhusbandwenthiswayshehadtowashstitchandsew. Todaythemoveistoliberatethewomanwhichmayintheendstrengthenthe marriageunion.Perhapsthegreatestobstacletofriendshipinmarriageisthe amountacoupleusuallyseesofeachother.Friendshipinitsusualsenseisnot testedbythestrainofdailyyear-longcohabitation.46Couplesneedto takeupseparateinterestsandfriendshipaswellasmutuallysharedonesif theyarenottogetusedtothemoreattractiveelementsofeachother’s personalities.47Marriedcouplesarelikelytoexert themselvesforguests--beingamusingdiscussingwithpassionandpoint--and thentofallintodullexhaustedsilencewhentheguestshavegone.Asin allfriendshipahusbandandwifemusttrytointeresteachotherandtospend sufficienttimesharingabsorbingactivitiestogive-themcontinuingcommon interests48Butatthesametimetheymustspendenoughtimeonseparate interestswithseparatepeopletopreserveanddeveloptheirseparate personalitiesandkeeptheirrelationshipfresh.49For toomanyhighlyintelligentworkingwomenhomerepresentschoreobligations becausethehusbandonlytoleratesherworkanddoesnotparticipatein householdchores.Fortoomanyhighlyintelligentworkingmenhome representsdullnessandcomplaints--fromanover-dependentwifewhowillnot gathercouragetomaketheirownlife.Insuchanatmosphere thepartnersgrowfurtherandfurtherapartbothloveandlikingdisappearing. 50Fortoomanycoupleswithchildrenthechildrenareallowedtocommand alltimeandattentionallowingthecouplenotimetodeveloplikingand friendshipaswellasloveallottingexclusiveparentalroles.
素问·至真要大论诸①如丧神守皆属于②
①者阴阳之道路也水火者阴阳之②也素问·阴阳应象大论
虚邪贼风
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1 WhenEuropeanUnionEUleaderstook deliveryofEurope’sfirstdraftofaconstitutionatasummitinGreecelast Juneitwaswithalmostuniversalpraise.Therewaswide agreementthatthetextcouldsavetheEUfromparalysisonceitexpandsfrom15 to25membersnextyear.ItwouldgiveEuropeamorestableleadershipand greatercloutontheworldstagesaidthechairmanoftheConventionwhich draftedtheagreementformerFrenchPresidentValeryGiscard d’Estaing.Suchpraisewastoogoodtolast.Astheproductofa unique16-monthpublicdebatethedrafthasbecomeabattleground.Lessthan fourmonthsafteritwasdeliveredthesameleaderswhoaccepteditopenedthe secondroundoftalksonitscontentthisweekbytradingveiledthreatsto blockagreementorcutofffundsiftheydon’tgettheirway. Thetonewaspolitebutunyielding.Inablandjointstatementissued whenthetalksopenedonOctober4theleadersstressedtheconstitution representsavitalstepintheprocessaimedatmakingEuropemorecohesive moredemocraticandclosertoitscitizens.Sharpdifferencesremainthough betweenmembercountriesoftheEUovervotingrightsthesizeandcomposition oftheexecutiveEuropeanCommissiondefenseco-operationandtheroleof religioninthenewconstitution.ItalianPrimeMinisterSilvio Berlusconi’shopesofwrappingupadealontheconstitutionbyChristmasseem farfrombeingrealized.WhilethesixfoundingmembersoftheEU--Germany FranceItalytheNetherlandsBelgiumandLuxembourg--plusBritainand Denmarkwantaslittlechangeaspossibletothedraftthe10mainlycentral Europeancountriesduetojointhe15-nationblocnextyearwanttoalterthe institution’sbalance.Suchsmallstatesareafraidtheirviews willbeignoredundertheconstitutionandaredeterminedtodefendthe disproportionatevotingrightstheywonatthe2000NiceSummit.EUexpertsfear suchsharpdifferenceswillcreateexactlytheparalysisintheEUthe Conventionwasestablishedtoavoid.ThefirstdraftoftheEUconstitutionwasaimedat
Text2 Scientistshaveforthefirsttimeused cloningtocreatehumanembryosthatlivelongenoughinalaboratorydishto havetheirstemcellsharvested.Thefeatcouldsetthestageforphysiciansto producecellsandtissuestailoredtoapatient’sgeneticidentitythatcan treatawidevarietyofhumanillnesses.Theaccomplishmentalsoprovidesaroad mapforhowtocloneapersonanevenmoredivisiveundertaking. ThenewworkperformedinSouthKorearepresentsamajoradvancein stemcellresearch.Itcouldhelpspuramedicalrevolutionasimportantas antibioticsandvaccinessaysRobertLanzaofAdvancedCellTechnologyACT acompanyinWorcesterMass.that’salsoinvestigatingthepromisingstemcell strategycalledtherapeuticcloning.Howevernowthatthe methodologyispubliclyavailableLanzaaddsIthinkitisabsolutely imperativethatwepasslawsworldwidetopreventthetechnologyfrombeing abusedforreproductive-cloningpurposes.Whilesomefertility doctorsandareligiousculthaveclaimedsuccessatcreatingapregnancyvia cloningthey’veofferednoconvincingproof.IncontrasttheSouthKorean researchisbeingreportedatthemeetingoftheAmericanAssociationforthe AdvancementofScienceinSeattleandwillappearinanupcomingScience.This isrealitysaysstemcellresearcherJohnGearhartofJohnsHopkins University.He4’eisabonafiderefereedjournalsayingthatahumanembryo hasbeenclonedandacelllinederivedfromit.AlthoughACT hasnotyetpublishedareportofaclonedhumanblastocystLanzasaysthatthe SouthKoreansuccessisconsistentwithourownresults.Therapeuticcloning appealstoLanzaandphysiciansbecausecellsmadethiswaycouldhavethesame DNAasapatient’scellsdoandthusavoidrejectionafterthey’re transplanted.Seekingacompromisethatwouldpermitthis strategytobepursuedmanyscientistshavecalledforlegislationthatwould bancloningtoproduceababybutallowthecreationofclonedembryosto generatestemcellsforresearchortherapies.Thedebatehasbeenvery polarizednotesbio-ethicistLaurieZolothofNorthwesternUniversityin Evanston.Successfulstemcellresearchwillhopefullyleadto
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1 WhenEuropeanUnionEUleaderstook deliveryofEurope’sfirstdraftofaconstitutionatasummitinGreecelast Juneitwaswithalmostuniversalpraise.Therewaswide agreementthatthetextcouldsavetheEUfromparalysisonceitexpandsfrom15 to25membersnextyear.ItwouldgiveEuropeamorestableleadershipand greatercloutontheworldstagesaidthechairmanoftheConventionwhich draftedtheagreementformerFrenchPresidentValeryGiscard d’Estaing.Suchpraisewastoogoodtolast.Astheproductofa unique16-monthpublicdebatethedrafthasbecomeabattleground.Lessthan fourmonthsafteritwasdeliveredthesameleaderswhoaccepteditopenedthe secondroundoftalksonitscontentthisweekbytradingveiledthreatsto blockagreementorcutofffundsiftheydon’tgettheirway. Thetonewaspolitebutunyielding.Inablandjointstatementissued whenthetalksopenedonOctober4theleadersstressedtheconstitution representsavitalstepintheprocessaimedatmakingEuropemorecohesive moredemocraticandclosertoitscitizens.Sharpdifferencesremainthough betweenmembercountriesoftheEUovervotingrightsthesizeandcomposition oftheexecutiveEuropeanCommissiondefenseco-operationandtheroleof religioninthenewconstitution.ItalianPrimeMinisterSilvio Berlusconi’shopesofwrappingupadealontheconstitutionbyChristmasseem farfrombeingrealized.WhilethesixfoundingmembersoftheEU--Germany FranceItalytheNetherlandsBelgiumandLuxembourg--plusBritainand Denmarkwantaslittlechangeaspossibletothedraftthe10mainlycentral Europeancountriesduetojointhe15-nationblocnextyearwanttoalterthe institution’sbalance.Suchsmallstatesareafraidtheirviews willbeignoredundertheconstitutionandaredeterminedtodefendthe disproportionatevotingrightstheywonatthe2000NiceSummit.EUexpertsfear suchsharpdifferenceswillcreateexactlytheparalysisintheEUthe Conventionwasestablishedtoavoid.Asecondroundoftalkswereopenedbysomeleadersbecause
Text2 Scientistshaveforthefirsttimeused cloningtocreatehumanembryosthatlivelongenoughinalaboratorydishto havetheirstemcellsharvested.Thefeatcouldsetthestageforphysiciansto producecellsandtissuestailoredtoapatient’sgeneticidentitythatcan treatawidevarietyofhumanillnesses.Theaccomplishmentalsoprovidesaroad mapforhowtocloneapersonanevenmoredivisiveundertaking. ThenewworkperformedinSouthKorearepresentsamajoradvancein stemcellresearch.Itcouldhelpspuramedicalrevolutionasimportantas antibioticsandvaccinessaysRobertLanzaofAdvancedCellTechnologyACT acompanyinWorcesterMass.that’salsoinvestigatingthepromisingstemcell strategycalledtherapeuticcloning.Howevernowthatthe methodologyispubliclyavailableLanzaaddsIthinkitisabsolutely imperativethatwepasslawsworldwidetopreventthetechnologyfrombeing abusedforreproductive-cloningpurposes.Whilesomefertility doctorsandareligiousculthaveclaimedsuccessatcreatingapregnancyvia cloningthey’veofferednoconvincingproof.IncontrasttheSouthKorean researchisbeingreportedatthemeetingoftheAmericanAssociationforthe AdvancementofScienceinSeattleandwillappearinanupcomingScience.This isrealitysaysstemcellresearcherJohnGearhartofJohnsHopkins University.He4’eisabonafiderefereedjournalsayingthatahumanembryo hasbeenclonedandacelllinederivedfromit.AlthoughACT hasnotyetpublishedareportofaclonedhumanblastocystLanzasaysthatthe SouthKoreansuccessisconsistentwithourownresults.Therapeuticcloning appealstoLanzaandphysiciansbecausecellsmadethiswaycouldhavethesame DNAasapatient’scellsdoandthusavoidrejectionafterthey’re transplanted.Seekingacompromisethatwouldpermitthis strategytobepursuedmanyscientistshavecalledforlegislationthatwould bancloningtoproduceababybutallowthecreationofclonedembryosto generatestemcellsforresearchortherapies.Thedebatehasbeenvery polarizednotesbio-ethicistLaurieZolothofNorthwesternUniversityin Evanston.Accordingtothepassagethekeyfactorinavoidingrejectionaftertransplantationisto
Text3 Sincetheindustrialrevolution governmentsocietyandindustryhaveattemptedtochanneltechnological progressinusefuldirections.Whetheritistheprintingpressthecottongin theautomobileortheInternettechnologicalinnovationsoftenhaveprofound economicandsocialeffects.Toharnessthebenefitsandminimizethemore harmfuleffectsofnewtechnologiesmoderngovernmentsusefourbasic approaches:specificdirectionmarketincentivescriminalprohibitionand behaviormodification.Specificdirectionstartswith governmentsidentifyingoneormorekeyfactorsintheR&Dphase.Then usingavarietyofmeansrangingfromadministrativeregulationtooutright stateownershipthegovernmentseekstocontroltheimplementationofthe technology.Marketincentivesarethedeliberatemanipulationof themarketbythegovernmenttocontrolhowaparticularlytechnologyis distributedandused.Forexamplesomegovernmentsimposetaxestocoverthe hiddencostsassociatedwiththeuseofaparticulartechnology.Forexample raisinggasolinetaxestopayforhighwayimprovements.Othermethodsinclude thegrantingofsubsidiestoprivateresearchersorthestrengtheningof intellectualpropertylawstogiveaddedincentivestodevelopers. Criminalprohibitionusuallytakesplacewhenstrongoppositionexiststo aparticulartechnologyorfieldofresearch.Inrecentyearsmostdeveloped countrieshaveenactedlegislationtobanthecloningofhumanbeings.Other examplesaretheenforcementofcleanairregulationsthatforcepowerplantsto emitfewergreenhousegasses.Finallybehaviormodification includestheuseofthemediaadvertisingandgovernmentandcorporate leadershiptoencourageaparticularsocietytouseatechnologyinabeneficial way.ForexamplewhilethereislimitedgovernmentregulationoftheInternet websitesareencouragedtoinstallsafeguardstopreventchildrenfromviewing inappropriatematerial.Arecentnationaladvertisingcampaignrecentlyboosted thepercentageofNewYorkresidentswhorecycledbyalmost25%.Suchcampaigns donotusedirectgovernmentregulationbutinsteadappealtotheuser’ssense ofcivicdutyorsocialresponsibility.Ofallnewtechnologies perhapsnonehaschangedthelandscapeandcharacterofAmericanlifemorethan theautomobile.Yetthecostsofthistechnologyarenotalwaysreflectedin thepriceofUsingthetechnology.Forexampleitcostsanoilcompany$0.89 pergallonofgasproduced.ThissameliterissoldtoU.S.consumersatabout $1.20pergallon.Yetwhilethispricereflectsthecostofproductionplusa profitfortheoilcompanyitdoesnotreflecttheactualcostofusingthe technology.Forthatwemustfactorintheenvironmentalcostsassociatedwith airpollutionincreasedhealthcareenvironmentaldegradationandthe politicalcostsdependenceonforeignoilenergyshortages.Inshortin ordertobeeffectiveallofthesestrategiesforchannelingtechnologyto benefitsocietymustincorporateallthecostsassociatedwith usage.Thekeyfactorthatguidesthefourstrategiesisto
LongbeforeManlivedontheEarththerewerefishes reptilesbirdsinsectsandsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswere ancestorsofkindslivingtodayothersarenowextinctthatistheyhaveno descendantsalivenow.41.Veryoccasionallytherocks showimpressionofskinsothatapartfromcolorwecanbuildupareasonably accuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsofyearsago.Thatkindofrock inwhichtheremainsarefoundtellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginal landoftenoftheplantsthatgrewonitandevenofitsclimate. 42Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerepreservedin rocksformedbywateractionandmostoftheseareofanimalsthatlivedinor nearwater.Thusitfollowsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammalsbirdsand insectsofwhichweknownothing.43.Therewerealso crablikecreatureswhosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstance.Thebody segmentseachhadtwopairsoflegsonepairforwalkingonthesandybottom theotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairofcompound eyesoftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwolongbut somewere2feet.44.Ofthesetheammonitesarevery interestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychamberseach representingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargeritgrewa newchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.Thousandsofthesecanbeseenin therocksontheDorsetCoast.45.About75millionyears agotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthegroupsdiedout.Themammals quicklydevelopedandwecantracetheevolutionofmanyfamiliaranimalssuch astheelephantandhorse.Manyofthelatermammalsthoughnowextinctwere knowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincavepaintingsandonbone carvings.[A]Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockand manydifferentkindsareknown[B]Neverthelessweknowagreat dealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedin therocksasfossils.Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshapehowthey walkedthekindoffoodtheyate.[C]Thefirstanimalswith truebackboneswerethefishesfirstknownintherocksof375millionyears ago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibianstheanimalsabletoliveboth onlandandinwaterappeared.Theyweregiantsometimes8feetlongandmany ofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseamorlayerorformed. Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearsthese weretheprincipalformsoflifeonlandintheseaandintheair. [D]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreature.Thereanimals evolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeoverlargeareasoftheworld. [E]Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallvery simplekindsandlivedinthesea.Laterformaaremorecomplexandamongthese arethesea-liliesrelationsofthestar-fisheswhichhadlongarmsandwere attachedbyalongstalktotheseabedortorocks.[F]When ananimaldiesthebodyitsbonesorshellmayoftenbecarriedawayby streamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimal livedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreand moremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedand preserved.[G]Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsare preservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbyminerals dissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpressionorsimply reducedtoamorestableform.
相使
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeach numberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points Healthimplies.morethanphysical fitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustrated emotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot 2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo 3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthe factorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentaland emotionalwell-being.Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeople havepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsabout themselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andaboutthe rolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare 7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8 arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueand capabilities.Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryand potentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofall ages11stress.Childrenbeginto12 stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesof stress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeath ofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceof parentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhich individuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthy results.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunction exceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionat all.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’s physicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mental andemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18 developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeople must19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachother understandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapable of20conflictsinaconstructive way.
Directions:Youwishtostudyatacertainforeignuniversity.Writealettertotheadmissionsofficeoftheuniversitytoaskfor: 1accommodations 2feesand 3qualifications. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
LongbeforeManlivedontheEarththerewerefishes reptilesbirdsinsectsandsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswere ancestorsofkindslivingtodayothersarenowextinctthatistheyhaveno descendantsalivenow.41.Veryoccasionallytherocks showimpressionofskinsothatapartfromcolorwecanbuildupareasonably accuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsofyearsago.Thatkindofrock inwhichtheremainsarefoundtellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginal landoftenoftheplantsthatgrewonitandevenofitsclimate. 42Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerepreservedin rocksformedbywateractionandmostoftheseareofanimalsthatlivedinor nearwater.Thusitfollowsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammalsbirdsand insectsofwhichweknownothing.43.Therewerealso crablikecreatureswhosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstance.Thebody segmentseachhadtwopairsoflegsonepairforwalkingonthesandybottom theotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairofcompound eyesoftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwolongbut somewere2feet.44.Ofthesetheammonitesarevery interestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychamberseach representingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargeritgrewa newchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.Thousandsofthesecanbeseenin therocksontheDorsetCoast.45.About75millionyears agotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthegroupsdiedout.Themammals quicklydevelopedandwecantracetheevolutionofmanyfamiliaranimalssuch astheelephantandhorse.Manyofthelatermammalsthoughnowextinctwere knowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincavepaintingsandonbone carvings.[A]Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockand manydifferentkindsareknown[B]Neverthelessweknowagreat dealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedin therocksasfossils.Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshapehowthey walkedthekindoffoodtheyate.[C]Thefirstanimalswith truebackboneswerethefishesfirstknownintherocksof375millionyears ago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibianstheanimalsabletoliveboth onlandandinwaterappeared.Theyweregiantsometimes8feetlongandmany ofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseamorlayerorformed. Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearsthese weretheprincipalformsoflifeonlandintheseaandintheair. [D]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreature.Thereanimals evolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeoverlargeareasoftheworld. [E]Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallvery simplekindsandlivedinthesea.Laterformaaremorecomplexandamongthese arethesea-liliesrelationsofthestar-fisheswhichhadlongarmsandwere attachedbyalongstalktotheseabedortorocks.[F]When ananimaldiesthebodyitsbonesorshellmayoftenbecarriedawayby streamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimal livedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreand moremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedand preserved.[G]Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsare preservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbyminerals dissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpressionorsimply reducedtoamorestableform.
Text3 Sincetheindustrialrevolution governmentsocietyandindustryhaveattemptedtochanneltechnological progressinusefuldirections.Whetheritistheprintingpressthecottongin theautomobileortheInternettechnologicalinnovationsoftenhaveprofound economicandsocialeffects.Toharnessthebenefitsandminimizethemore harmfuleffectsofnewtechnologiesmoderngovernmentsusefourbasic approaches:specificdirectionmarketincentivescriminalprohibitionand behaviormodification.Specificdirectionstartswith governmentsidentifyingoneormorekeyfactorsintheR&Dphase.Then usingavarietyofmeansrangingfromadministrativeregulationtooutright stateownershipthegovernmentseekstocontroltheimplementationofthe technology.Marketincentivesarethedeliberatemanipulationof themarketbythegovernmenttocontrolhowaparticularlytechnologyis distributedandused.Forexamplesomegovernmentsimposetaxestocoverthe hiddencostsassociatedwiththeuseofaparticulartechnology.Forexample raisinggasolinetaxestopayforhighwayimprovements.Othermethodsinclude thegrantingofsubsidiestoprivateresearchersorthestrengtheningof intellectualpropertylawstogiveaddedincentivestodevelopers. Criminalprohibitionusuallytakesplacewhenstrongoppositionexiststo aparticulartechnologyorfieldofresearch.Inrecentyearsmostdeveloped countrieshaveenactedlegislationtobanthecloningofhumanbeings.Other examplesaretheenforcementofcleanairregulationsthatforcepowerplantsto emitfewergreenhousegasses.Finallybehaviormodification includestheuseofthemediaadvertisingandgovernmentandcorporate leadershiptoencourageaparticularsocietytouseatechnologyinabeneficial way.ForexamplewhilethereislimitedgovernmentregulationoftheInternet websitesareencouragedtoinstallsafeguardstopreventchildrenfromviewing inappropriatematerial.Arecentnationaladvertisingcampaignrecentlyboosted thepercentageofNewYorkresidentswhorecycledbyalmost25%.Suchcampaigns donotusedirectgovernmentregulationbutinsteadappealtotheuser’ssense ofcivicdutyorsocialresponsibility.Ofallnewtechnologies perhapsnonehaschangedthelandscapeandcharacterofAmericanlifemorethan theautomobile.Yetthecostsofthistechnologyarenotalwaysreflectedin thepriceofUsingthetechnology.Forexampleitcostsanoilcompany$0.89 pergallonofgasproduced.ThissameliterissoldtoU.S.consumersatabout $1.20pergallon.Yetwhilethispricereflectsthecostofproductionplusa profitfortheoilcompanyitdoesnotreflecttheactualcostofusingthe technology.Forthatwemustfactorintheenvironmentalcostsassociatedwith airpollutionincreasedhealthcareenvironmentaldegradationandthe politicalcostsdependenceonforeignoilenergyshortages.Inshortin ordertobeeffectiveallofthesestrategiesforchannelingtechnologyto benefitsocietymustincorporateallthecostsassociatedwith usage.Specificdirectionischaracterizedby
Text4 Itistrueasthemovementcritics assertthatthepresentwomen’sliberationgroupsarealmostentirelybased amongmiddleclasswomenthatiscollegeandcareerwomen;andtheissuesof psychologicalandsexualexploitationandtoalesserextentexploitation throughconsumptionhavebeenthemostprominentones.Itis notsurprisingthatthewomen’sliberationmovementshouldbeginamongbourgeois womenandshouldbedominatedinthebeginningbytheirconsciousnessandtheir particularconcerns.Radicalwomenaregenerallythepostwarmiddleclass generationthatgrewupwiththerighttovotethechanceathighereducation andtrainingforsupportiverolesintheprofessionsandbusiness.Mostofthem areyoungandsophisticatedenoughtohavenotyethadchildrenanddonothave tomarrytosupportthemselves.Incomparisonwithmostwomentheyarecapable ofacertainamountofcontrolovertheirlives.Thehigher developmentofbourgeoisdemocraticsocietyallowsthewomenwhobenefitfrom educationandrelativeequalitytoseethecontradictionsbetweenitsrhetoric everychildcanbecomepresidentandtheiractualplaceinthatsociety.The workingclasswomanmightbelievethateducationcouldhavemadeherfinancially independentbuttheeducatedcareerwomanfindsthatmoneyhasnotmadeher independent.Infactbecauseshehasbeenallowedtoprogresshalfwayonthe upward-mobilityladdershecanseetherestofthedistancethatisdeniedher onlybecausesheisawoman.Shecanseethesimilaritybetweenheroppression andthatofothersectionsofthepopulation.Thusfromtheirownexperience radicalwomeninthemovementareawareofmorefaultsinthesocietythan racismandimperialism.Becausetheyhavepushedthedemocraticmythtoits limitstheyknowconcretelyhowitlimitsthem.Atthesame timethatradicalwomenwerelearningaboutAmericansocietytheywerealso becomingawareofthemalechauvinisminthemovement.Infactthatisusually thecauseoftheirfirstconscious100verbalizationoftheprejudicetheyfeel; itismoredisillusioningtoknowthatthesamecontradictionexistsbetweenthe movement’srhetoricofequalityanditsrealityforweexpectmoreofour comrades.Thisrealizationofthedeep-seatedprejudiceagainst themselvesinthemovementproducestwocommonreactionsamongitswomen:1a preoccupationwiththisimmediatebarrierandperhapsaresultant hopelessnessand2atendencytoretreatinwardtobuythefool’sgoldof creatingapersonallyliberatedlifestyle.Howeverourconcept ofliberationrepresentsaconsciousnessthatconditionshaveforcedonuswhile mostofoursistersarechainedbyotherconditionsbiologicalandeconomic thatoverwhelmtheirhumanityanddesiresforself-fulfillment.Ourbackground accountsforourignoranceaboutthestarkoppressionofwomen’sdaily lives.Wecanlearnfromthesecondparagraphthat
Text3 Sincetheindustrialrevolution governmentsocietyandindustryhaveattemptedtochanneltechnological progressinusefuldirections.Whetheritistheprintingpressthecottongin theautomobileortheInternettechnologicalinnovationsoftenhaveprofound economicandsocialeffects.Toharnessthebenefitsandminimizethemore harmfuleffectsofnewtechnologiesmoderngovernmentsusefourbasic approaches:specificdirectionmarketincentivescriminalprohibitionand behaviormodification.Specificdirectionstartswith governmentsidentifyingoneormorekeyfactorsintheR&Dphase.Then usingavarietyofmeansrangingfromadministrativeregulationtooutright stateownershipthegovernmentseekstocontroltheimplementationofthe technology.Marketincentivesarethedeliberatemanipulationof themarketbythegovernmenttocontrolhowaparticularlytechnologyis distributedandused.Forexamplesomegovernmentsimposetaxestocoverthe hiddencostsassociatedwiththeuseofaparticulartechnology.Forexample raisinggasolinetaxestopayforhighwayimprovements.Othermethodsinclude thegrantingofsubsidiestoprivateresearchersorthestrengtheningof intellectualpropertylawstogiveaddedincentivestodevelopers. Criminalprohibitionusuallytakesplacewhenstrongoppositionexiststo aparticulartechnologyorfieldofresearch.Inrecentyearsmostdeveloped countrieshaveenactedlegislationtobanthecloningofhumanbeings.Other examplesaretheenforcementofcleanairregulationsthatforcepowerplantsto emitfewergreenhousegasses.Finallybehaviormodification includestheuseofthemediaadvertisingandgovernmentandcorporate leadershiptoencourageaparticularsocietytouseatechnologyinabeneficial way.ForexamplewhilethereislimitedgovernmentregulationoftheInternet websitesareencouragedtoinstallsafeguardstopreventchildrenfromviewing inappropriatematerial.Arecentnationaladvertisingcampaignrecentlyboosted thepercentageofNewYorkresidentswhorecycledbyalmost25%.Suchcampaigns donotusedirectgovernmentregulationbutinsteadappealtotheuser’ssense ofcivicdutyorsocialresponsibility.Ofallnewtechnologies perhapsnonehaschangedthelandscapeandcharacterofAmericanlifemorethan theautomobile.Yetthecostsofthistechnologyarenotalwaysreflectedin thepriceofUsingthetechnology.Forexampleitcostsanoilcompany$0.89 pergallonofgasproduced.ThissameliterissoldtoU.S.consumersatabout $1.20pergallon.Yetwhilethispricereflectsthecostofproductionplusa profitfortheoilcompanyitdoesnotreflecttheactualcostofusingthe technology.Forthatwemustfactorintheenvironmentalcostsassociatedwith airpollutionincreasedhealthcareenvironmentaldegradationandthe politicalcostsdependenceonforeignoilenergyshortages.Inshortin ordertobeeffectiveallofthesestrategiesforchannelingtechnologyto benefitsocietymustincorporateallthecostsassociatedwith usage.Byimplementingcriminalprohibitionthegovernmentwillbeableto
PartCDirections:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbe writtenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points Traditionallythewomanhasheldalowpositioninmarriage partnerships.Whileherhusbandwenthiswayshehadtowashstitchandsew. Todaythemoveistoliberatethewomanwhichmayintheendstrengthenthe marriageunion.Perhapsthegreatestobstacletofriendshipinmarriageisthe amountacoupleusuallyseesofeachother.Friendshipinitsusualsenseisnot testedbythestrainofdailyyear-longcohabitation.46Couplesneedto takeupseparateinterestsandfriendshipaswellasmutuallysharedonesif theyarenottogetusedtothemoreattractiveelementsofeachother’s personalities.47Marriedcouplesarelikelytoexert themselvesforguests--beingamusingdiscussingwithpassionandpoint--and thentofallintodullexhaustedsilencewhentheguestshavegone.Asin allfriendshipahusbandandwifemusttrytointeresteachotherandtospend sufficienttimesharingabsorbingactivitiestogive-themcontinuingcommon interests48Butatthesametimetheymustspendenoughtimeonseparate interestswithseparatepeopletopreserveanddeveloptheirseparate personalitiesandkeeptheirrelationshipfresh.49For toomanyhighlyintelligentworkingwomenhomerepresentschoreobligations becausethehusbandonlytoleratesherworkanddoesnotparticipatein householdchores.Fortoomanyhighlyintelligentworkingmenhome representsdullnessandcomplaints--fromanover-dependentwifewhowillnot gathercouragetomaketheirownlife.Insuchanatmosphere thepartnersgrowfurtherandfurtherapartbothloveandlikingdisappearing. 50Fortoomanycoupleswithchildrenthechildrenareallowedtocommand alltimeandattentionallowingthecouplenotimetodeveloplikingand friendshipaswellasloveallottingexclusiveparentalroles.
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