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具有凉血止血功效的药物有
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棕榈炭具有的功效是
收敛止血
凉血止血，清热安胎，解毒
凉血止血，解毒疗疮
凉血止血，利尿解毒
凉血止血，解毒敛疮
地榆具有的功效是
凉血止血，散瘀解毒消痈
凉血收敛，止血疗疮
凉血止血，解毒敛疮
凉血止血，解毒利尿
凉血止血，清热利尿
具有凉血止血功效的药物有
小蓟
地榆
大蓟
白茅根
生地
小蓟具有的功效是
凉血止血，散瘀解毒消痈
凉血收敛，止血疗疮
凉血止血，解毒敛疮
凉血止血，解毒利尿
凉血止血，清热利尿
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十枣汤服药时间是
Whilediseaseispresentpriortosocialorganizationcommunallifecreatesspecialhazards.Whiletheorganizationofsocietycanreducethedangersofdiseasetradeandurbanizationwiththeirconsequentproblemsofsanitationandpollutioncanalsoaggravatesuchdangers.Eveninthemid-twentiethcenturyduringthebriefcalmbetweenthepolioandAIDSepidemicsepidemichealthrisksassociatedwithcarcinogenscancer-producingsubstancesfrompollutedairthreatenedtheindustrializedworld. Totheeconomisteffortstocombattheserisksareatleastpartiallypublicgoods.Thebenefitsfrompublicgoodsareindivisibleamongbeneficiaries.Asoleprivatepurchaserofhealthcarewouldgiveothersinsocietyafreeridewithrespecttothebenefitsobtained.Tomarkettheoristssuchgoodsarelawfulobjectsofgovernmentalinterventioninthemarket.Whilethetheoryofpublicgoodshelpsexplainaspectsofpublichealthlawandassistsinfittingitintomoderneconomictheoryitomitsacriticalpoint.Illhealthisnotamerebyproductofeconomicactivitybutaninevitableoccurrenceofhumanexistence.Asaresultwhereverthereishumansocietytherewillbepublichealth.Everysocietyhastofacetherisksofdisease.Andbecauseitmusteverysocietysearchestomakediseasecomprehensiblewithinthecontextofthesociety’’sownparticularculturereligionorscience.Inthissensehealthcareispublicnotonlybecauseitsbenefitsareindivisibleandthreatstoitarisefromfactorsoutsideoftheindividualbutalsobecausecommunallifegivesindividualstheculturalcontextinwhichtounderstandit. Governmentstypicallyhaveassumedanactiverolewithrespecttohealthcareactingasiftheirrolewereobligatory.Howgovernmentshavefulfilledthatdutyhasvariedthroughouttimeandacrosssocietiesaccordingnotonlytothewealthandscientificsophisticationoftheculturebutalsotoitsfundamentalvalues--becausehealthisdefinedinpartbyacommunity’’sbeliefsystempublichealthmeasureswillnecessarilyreflectculturalnormsandvalues. ThosewhocriticizetheUnitedStatesgovernmenttodayfornotprovidinghealthcaretoallcitizensequatetheprovisionofhealthcarewithinsurancecoverageforthecostsofmedicalexpenses.Bythisstandardseventeenthandeighteenth-centuryAmericalackedanysignificantconceptionofpublichealthlaw.Howeverdespitethegeneralpaucityscarcityofbureaucraticorganizationinpre-industrialAmericathevastextentofhealthregulationandprovisionstandsoutasremarkable.Ofcoursethepublicroleintheprotectionandregulationofeighteenth-centuryhealthwascarriedoutinwaysquitedifferentfromthosetoday.Organizationsresponsibleforhealthregulationwerelessstablethanmodernbureaucraciestendingtoappearincrisesandfadeawayinperiodsofcalm.Thefocuswasonepidemicswhichwereseenasunnaturalandwarrantingaresponsenottothemanyprevalentandchronicconditionswhichwereacceptedaspartandparcelofdailylife.Additionallyandnotsurprisinglyreligiousinfluencewassignificantespeciallyintheseventeenthcentury.Finallyinanerawhichlackedsharpdivisionsbetweenprivateandgovernmentalbodiesmanypublicresponsibilitieswerecarriedoutbywhatwewouldnowconsiderprivateassociations.Neverthelesstheextentofpublichealthregulationlongbeforethedawnofthewelfarestateisremarkableandsuggeststhatthefoundinggeneration’’sassumptionsabouttherelationshipbetweengovernmentandhealthweremorecomplexthancommonlyassumed. HealthcareisinherentlyapublicconcernforallofthefollowingreasonsEXCLUDING
胁肋隐痛遇劳即发伴口干咽燥心中烦热头晕目眩等症其治疗最佳选方
大承气汤小承气汤调胃承气汤三方共有的药物是
吴茱萸汤主治
Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGallileo’s17th-centurytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake’’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury. Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscriticsbutnolonger.AsfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattackedantiscienceinseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulR.GrossabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLevittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorldbyCarlSaganofCornellUniversity. DefendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchasTheFlightfromScienceandReasonheldinNewYorkCityin1995andScienceintheAgeofMisinformationwhichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo. Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedscience’’sobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview. Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch. FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberwhosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapretechnologicalUtopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest. Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrtichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarmingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth. Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless.Theterm’’antiscience’’canlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthingsnotesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science.Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened. Theauthor’’sattitudetowardtheissueofsciencevs.antiscienceis____________.
脾与肾的关系主要为
ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points Ishallmentiontwoorthreemattersinwhichtheneedforcooperationbetweenphilosophyandscienceisespeciallyintimate.46Sincescientificmethoddependsuponfirst-handexperimentallycontrolledexperiencesanyphilosophicapplicationofthescientificpointofviewwillemphasizetheneedofsuchexperiencesintheschoolasoveragainstmereacquisitionofready-madeinformationthatissuppliedinisolationfromthestudents’’ownexperience.Sofaritwillbeinlinewithwhatiscalledtheprogressivemovementineducation.Butitwillbeaninfluenceincounteractinganytendenciesthatmayexistinprogressiveeducationtoslighttheimportanceofcontinuityintheexperiencesthatarehadandtheimportanceoforganization.47Unlessthescienceofeducationonitsowngroundandbehalfemphasizessubject-matterswhichcontainwithinthemselvesthepromiseandpowerofcontinuousgrowthinthedirectionoforganizationitisfalsetoitsownpositionasscientific.48Incooperationwithaphilosophyofeducationitcanlendinvaluableaidinseeingtoitthatthechosensubject-mattersarealsosuchthattheyprogressivelydeveloptowardformationofattitudesofunderstandingtheworldinwhichstudentsandteachersliveandtowardformingtheattitudesofpurposedesireandactionwhichwillmakepupilseffectiveindealingwithsocialconditions. Anotherpointofcommoninterestconcernstheplaceintheschoolsofthesciencesespeciallytheplaceofthehabitswhichformscientificattitudeandmethod.Thescienceshadtobattleagainstpowerfulenemiestoobtainrecognitioninthecurriculum.Inaformalsensethebattlehasbeenwonbutnotyetinasubstantialsense.Forscientificsubject-matterisstillmoreorlessisolatedasaspecialbodyoffactsandtruths.49Thefullvictorywillnotbewonuntileverysubjectandlessonistaughtinconnectionwithitsbearinguponcreationandgrowthofthekindofpowerofobservationinquiryreflectionandtestingthataretheheartofscientificintelligence.Experimentalphilosophyisatonewiththegenuinespiritofascientificattitudeintheendeavortoobtainforscientificmethodthiscentralplaceineducation. Finallythescienceandphilosophyofeducationcanandshouldworktogetherinovercomingthesplitbetweenknowledgeandactionbetweentheoryandpracticewhichnowaffectsbotheducationandsocietysoseriouslyandharmfully.50Indeeditisnottoomuchtosaythatinstitutionofahappymarriagebetweentheoryandpracticeisintheendthechiefmeaningofascienceandaphilosophyofeducationthatworktogetherforcommonends.
髓海是指
以下哪项是寒凝肝脉所致的腹痛
在华佗夹脊穴中治疗胃肠疾患的是
Scienceisanenterpriseconcernedwithgaininginformationaboutcausalityortherelationshipbetweencauseandeffect.Asimpleexampleofacauseisthemovementofapaddleasitstrikesaping-pongball;theeffectisthemovementoftheballthroughtheair.Inpsychologyandothersciencesthewordcauseisoftenreplacedbythetermindependentvariable.Thistermimpliesthattheexperimenterisoftenfreetovarytheindependentvariableasheorshedesiresforexampletheexperimentercancontrolthespeedofthepaddleasitstrikestheball.Thetermdependentvariablereplacesthewordeffectandthistermisusedbecausetheeffectdependsonsomecharacteristicoftheindependentvariabletheflightoftheballdependsonthespeedofthepaddle.Theconventionsofsciencedemandthatboththeindependentanddependentvariablesbeobservableeventsasisthecaseintheping-pongexample.Inthecaseofbiorhythmtheorytheindependentvariableisthenumberofdaysthathaveelapsedbetweenaperson’’sdateofbirthandsometestday.Thedependentvariableistheperson’’slevelofperformanceonsomespecifiedtaskonthetestday.Noticethatalthoughtheexperimenterisnotfreetochooseabirthdayforagivenindividualpersonswithdifferentdatesofbirthcanbetestedonthesamedayorasinglesubjectcanbetestedonseveraldifferentdays. Inordertopredicttherelationshipbetweenindependentanddependentvariablesmanyscientifictheoriesmakeuseofwhatarecalledinterveningvariables.Interveningvariablesarepurelytheoreticalconceptsthatcannotbeobserveddirectly.Topredicttheflightofaping-pongballNewtonianphysicsreliesonanumberofinterveningvariablesincludingforcemassairresistanceandgravity.Youcanprobablyanticipatethattheinterveningvariablesofbiorhythmtheoryarethethreebodilycycleswiththeirspecifiedtimeperiods.Itshouldbeemphasizedthatnotallpsychologicaltheoriesincludeinterveningvariablesandsomepsychologistsobjecttotheirusepreciselybecausetheyarenotdirectlyobservable. Thefinalmajorcomponentofascientifictheoryisitssyntaxortherulesanddefinitionsthatstatehowtheindependentanddependentvariablesaretobemeasuredandthatspecifytherelationshipsamongindependentvariablesinterveningvariablesanddependentvariables.Itisthesyntaxofbiorhythmtheorythatdescribeshowtouseaperson’’sbirthdaytocalculatethecurrentstatusofthethreecycles.Thesyntaxalsorelatesthecyclestothedependentvariableperformancebystatingthatpositivecyclesshouldcausehighlevelsofperformancewhereasloworcriticalcyclesshouldcauselowperformancelevels.Tosummarizethecomponentsofascientifictheorycanbedividedintofourmajorcategories:independentvariablesdependentvariablesinterveningvariablesandsyntax. Theexampleoftheping-pongballisusedto
YouareagraduateofHistory.Writealettertooneofyourcollegeprofessortorequestarecommendationlettertosupportyourapplicationforapositionwithapublishingcompany.Yourlettershouldcover: 1remindinghimofyouandyourperformance 2thingsyouhopetobereflectedinhisletterand 3thewayofmailingtheletter. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Scienceisanenterpriseconcernedwithgaininginformationaboutcausalityortherelationshipbetweencauseandeffect.Asimpleexampleofacauseisthemovementofapaddleasitstrikesaping-pongball;theeffectisthemovementoftheballthroughtheair.Inpsychologyandothersciencesthewordcauseisoftenreplacedbythetermindependentvariable.Thistermimpliesthattheexperimenterisoftenfreetovarytheindependentvariableasheorshedesiresforexampletheexperimentercancontrolthespeedofthepaddleasitstrikestheball.Thetermdependentvariablereplacesthewordeffectandthistermisusedbecausetheeffectdependsonsomecharacteristicoftheindependentvariabletheflightoftheballdependsonthespeedofthepaddle.Theconventionsofsciencedemandthatboththeindependentanddependentvariablesbeobservableeventsasisthecaseintheping-pongexample.Inthecaseofbiorhythmtheorytheindependentvariableisthenumberofdaysthathaveelapsedbetweenaperson’’sdateofbirthandsometestday.Thedependentvariableistheperson’’slevelofperformanceonsomespecifiedtaskonthetestday.Noticethatalthoughtheexperimenterisnotfreetochooseabirthdayforagivenindividualpersonswithdifferentdatesofbirthcanbetestedonthesamedayorasinglesubjectcanbetestedonseveraldifferentdays. Inordertopredicttherelationshipbetweenindependentanddependentvariablesmanyscientifictheoriesmakeuseofwhatarecalledinterveningvariables.Interveningvariablesarepurelytheoreticalconceptsthatcannotbeobserveddirectly.Topredicttheflightofaping-pongballNewtonianphysicsreliesonanumberofinterveningvariablesincludingforcemassairresistanceandgravity.Youcanprobablyanticipatethattheinterveningvariablesofbiorhythmtheoryarethethreebodilycycleswiththeirspecifiedtimeperiods.Itshouldbeemphasizedthatnotallpsychologicaltheoriesincludeinterveningvariablesandsomepsychologistsobjecttotheirusepreciselybecausetheyarenotdirectlyobservable. Thefinalmajorcomponentofascientifictheoryisitssyntaxortherulesanddefinitionsthatstatehowtheindependentanddependentvariablesaretobemeasuredandthatspecifytherelationshipsamongindependentvariablesinterveningvariablesanddependentvariables.Itisthesyntaxofbiorhythmtheorythatdescribeshowtouseaperson’’sbirthdaytocalculatethecurrentstatusofthethreecycles.Thesyntaxalsorelatesthecyclestothedependentvariableperformancebystatingthatpositivecyclesshouldcausehighlevelsofperformancewhereasloworcriticalcyclesshouldcauselowperformancelevels.Tosummarizethecomponentsofascientifictheorycanbedividedintofourmajorcategories:independentvariablesdependentvariablesinterveningvariablesandsyntax. Basedonthetextcausalitymayhavethemeaningthat
火热之邪致病可出现
Whilediseaseispresentpriortosocialorganizationcommunallifecreatesspecialhazards.Whiletheorganizationofsocietycanreducethedangersofdiseasetradeandurbanizationwiththeirconsequentproblemsofsanitationandpollutioncanalsoaggravatesuchdangers.Eveninthemid-twentiethcenturyduringthebriefcalmbetweenthepolioandAIDSepidemicsepidemichealthrisksassociatedwithcarcinogenscancer-producingsubstancesfrompollutedairthreatenedtheindustrializedworld. Totheeconomisteffortstocombattheserisksareatleastpartiallypublicgoods.Thebenefitsfrompublicgoodsareindivisibleamongbeneficiaries.Asoleprivatepurchaserofhealthcarewouldgiveothersinsocietyafreeridewithrespecttothebenefitsobtained.Tomarkettheoristssuchgoodsarelawfulobjectsofgovernmentalinterventioninthemarket.Whilethetheoryofpublicgoodshelpsexplainaspectsofpublichealthlawandassistsinfittingitintomoderneconomictheoryitomitsacriticalpoint.Illhealthisnotamerebyproductofeconomicactivitybutaninevitableoccurrenceofhumanexistence.Asaresultwhereverthereishumansocietytherewillbepublichealth.Everysocietyhastofacetherisksofdisease.Andbecauseitmusteverysocietysearchestomakediseasecomprehensiblewithinthecontextofthesociety’’sownparticularculturereligionorscience.Inthissensehealthcareispublicnotonlybecauseitsbenefitsareindivisibleandthreatstoitarisefromfactorsoutsideoftheindividualbutalsobecausecommunallifegivesindividualstheculturalcontextinwhichtounderstandit. Governmentstypicallyhaveassumedanactiverolewithrespecttohealthcareactingasiftheirrolewereobligatory.Howgovernmentshavefulfilledthatdutyhasvariedthroughouttimeandacrosssocietiesaccordingnotonlytothewealthandscientificsophisticationoftheculturebutalsotoitsfundamentalvalues--becausehealthisdefinedinpartbyacommunity’’sbeliefsystempublichealthmeasureswillnecessarilyreflectculturalnormsandvalues. ThosewhocriticizetheUnitedStatesgovernmenttodayfornotprovidinghealthcaretoallcitizensequatetheprovisionofhealthcarewithinsurancecoverageforthecostsofmedicalexpenses.Bythisstandardseventeenthandeighteenth-centuryAmericalackedanysignificantconceptionofpublichealthlaw.Howeverdespitethegeneralpaucityscarcityofbureaucraticorganizationinpre-industrialAmericathevastextentofhealthregulationandprovisionstandsoutasremarkable.Ofcoursethepublicroleintheprotectionandregulationofeighteenth-centuryhealthwascarriedoutinwaysquitedifferentfromthosetoday.Organizationsresponsibleforhealthregulationwerelessstablethanmodernbureaucraciestendingtoappearincrisesandfadeawayinperiodsofcalm.Thefocuswasonepidemicswhichwereseenasunnaturalandwarrantingaresponsenottothemanyprevalentandchronicconditionswhichwereacceptedaspartandparcelofdailylife.Additionallyandnotsurprisinglyreligiousinfluencewassignificantespeciallyintheseventeenthcentury.Finallyinanerawhichlackedsharpdivisionsbetweenprivateandgovernmentalbodiesmanypublicresponsibilitieswerecarriedoutbywhatwewouldnowconsiderprivateassociations.Neverthelesstheextentofpublichealthregulationlongbeforethedawnofthewelfarestateisremarkableandsuggeststhatthefoundinggeneration’’sassumptionsabouttherelationshipbetweengovernmentandhealthweremorecomplexthancommonlyassumed. TheauthormentionsallofthefollowingascausesofepidemicdiseasesEXCEPT
养阴派的代表医家是
体现综合分类法的方剂专著是
Scienceisanenterpriseconcernedwithgaininginformationaboutcausalityortherelationshipbetweencauseandeffect.Asimpleexampleofacauseisthemovementofapaddleasitstrikesaping-pongball;theeffectisthemovementoftheballthroughtheair.Inpsychologyandothersciencesthewordcauseisoftenreplacedbythetermindependentvariable.Thistermimpliesthattheexperimenterisoftenfreetovarytheindependentvariableasheorshedesiresforexampletheexperimentercancontrolthespeedofthepaddleasitstrikestheball.Thetermdependentvariablereplacesthewordeffectandthistermisusedbecausetheeffectdependsonsomecharacteristicoftheindependentvariabletheflightoftheballdependsonthespeedofthepaddle.Theconventionsofsciencedemandthatboththeindependentanddependentvariablesbeobservableeventsasisthecaseintheping-pongexample.Inthecaseofbiorhythmtheorytheindependentvariableisthenumberofdaysthathaveelapsedbetweenaperson’’sdateofbirthandsometestday.Thedependentvariableistheperson’’slevelofperformanceonsomespecifiedtaskonthetestday.Noticethatalthoughtheexperimenterisnotfreetochooseabirthdayforagivenindividualpersonswithdifferentdatesofbirthcanbetestedonthesamedayorasinglesubjectcanbetestedonseveraldifferentdays. Inordertopredicttherelationshipbetweenindependentanddependentvariablesmanyscientifictheoriesmakeuseofwhatarecalledinterveningvariables.Interveningvariablesarepurelytheoreticalconceptsthatcannotbeobserveddirectly.Topredicttheflightofaping-pongballNewtonianphysicsreliesonanumberofinterveningvariablesincludingforcemassairresistanceandgravity.Youcanprobablyanticipatethattheinterveningvariablesofbiorhythmtheoryarethethreebodilycycleswiththeirspecifiedtimeperiods.Itshouldbeemphasizedthatnotallpsychologicaltheoriesincludeinterveningvariablesandsomepsychologistsobjecttotheirusepreciselybecausetheyarenotdirectlyobservable. Thefinalmajorcomponentofascientifictheoryisitssyntaxortherulesanddefinitionsthatstatehowtheindependentanddependentvariablesaretobemeasuredandthatspecifytherelationshipsamongindependentvariablesinterveningvariablesanddependentvariables.Itisthesyntaxofbiorhythmtheorythatdescribeshowtouseaperson’’sbirthdaytocalculatethecurrentstatusofthethreecycles.Thesyntaxalsorelatesthecyclestothedependentvariableperformancebystatingthatpositivecyclesshouldcausehighlevelsofperformancewhereasloworcriticalcyclesshouldcauselowperformancelevels.Tosummarizethecomponentsofascientifictheorycanbedividedintofourmajorcategories:independentvariablesdependentvariablesinterveningvariablesandsyntax. Thewordsyntaxusedinthelastparagraphreferstothe
ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points Ishallmentiontwoorthreemattersinwhichtheneedforcooperationbetweenphilosophyandscienceisespeciallyintimate.46Sincescientificmethoddependsuponfirst-handexperimentallycontrolledexperiencesanyphilosophicapplicationofthescientificpointofviewwillemphasizetheneedofsuchexperiencesintheschoolasoveragainstmereacquisitionofready-madeinformationthatissuppliedinisolationfromthestudents’’ownexperience.Sofaritwillbeinlinewithwhatiscalledtheprogressivemovementineducation.Butitwillbeaninfluenceincounteractinganytendenciesthatmayexistinprogressiveeducationtoslighttheimportanceofcontinuityintheexperiencesthatarehadandtheimportanceoforganization.47Unlessthescienceofeducationonitsowngroundandbehalfemphasizessubject-matterswhichcontainwithinthemselvesthepromiseandpowerofcontinuousgrowthinthedirectionoforganizationitisfalsetoitsownpositionasscientific.48Incooperationwithaphilosophyofeducationitcanlendinvaluableaidinseeingtoitthatthechosensubject-mattersarealsosuchthattheyprogressivelydeveloptowardformationofattitudesofunderstandingtheworldinwhichstudentsandteachersliveandtowardformingtheattitudesofpurposedesireandactionwhichwillmakepupilseffectiveindealingwithsocialconditions. Anotherpointofcommoninterestconcernstheplaceintheschoolsofthesciencesespeciallytheplaceofthehabitswhichformscientificattitudeandmethod.Thescienceshadtobattleagainstpowerfulenemiestoobtainrecognitioninthecurriculum.Inaformalsensethebattlehasbeenwonbutnotyetinasubstantialsense.Forscientificsubject-matterisstillmoreorlessisolatedasaspecialbodyoffactsandtruths.49Thefullvictorywillnotbewonuntileverysubjectandlessonistaughtinconnectionwithitsbearinguponcreationandgrowthofthekindofpowerofobservationinquiryreflectionandtestingthataretheheartofscientificintelligence.Experimentalphilosophyisatonewiththegenuinespiritofascientificattitudeintheendeavortoobtainforscientificmethodthiscentralplaceineducation. Finallythescienceandphilosophyofeducationcanandshouldworktogetherinovercomingthesplitbetweenknowledgeandactionbetweentheoryandpracticewhichnowaffectsbotheducationandsocietysoseriouslyandharmfully.50Indeeditisnottoomuchtosaythatinstitutionofahappymarriagebetweentheoryandpracticeisintheendthechiefmeaningofascienceandaphilosophyofeducationthatworktogetherforcommonends.
Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGallileo’s17th-centurytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake’’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury. Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscriticsbutnolonger.AsfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattackedantiscienceinseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulR.GrossabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLevittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorldbyCarlSaganofCornellUniversity. DefendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchasTheFlightfromScienceandReasonheldinNewYorkCityin1995andScienceintheAgeofMisinformationwhichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo. Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedscience’’sobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview. Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch. FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberwhosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapretechnologicalUtopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest. Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrtichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarmingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth. Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless.Theterm’’antiscience’’canlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthingsnotesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science.Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened. Paragraphs2and3arewrittento____________.
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