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下列各项，属五行之木者为
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下列各项属五行之土者为
辛
咸
甘
酸
五色之赤在五行属
木
火
土
金
下列各项属五行之土者为
酸
苦
甘
辛
下列各项属于五行之金者为
五脏之肺
六腑之膀胱
五体之骨
五气之寒
下列各项中不符合五行生克规律的是
木为水之子
水为火之所不胜
火为土之母
金为木之所胜
金为土之子
下列各项属五行之土者为
肝
心
脾
肺
下列各项属于五行之木者为
五志之怒
五脏之心
六腑之小肠
五季之长夏
下列各项不符合五行相克规律的是
火为金之所不胜
金为木之所胜
水为土之所胜
木为土之所不胜
下列各项属五行中水者为
风
寒
暑
燥
下列各项属于五行之木的是
肝
春
脉
胆
下列各项属五行之金者为
胆
小肠
胃
大肠
下列各项属于五行之木者为
喜
怒
悲
思
五味之辛在五行属
木
火
金
水
下列各项属于五行之木者为
青
赤
黄
白
五气之燥在五行属
木
火
土
金
下列各项属于五行之水者为
五体之皮毛
五味之咸
五志之喜
六腑之胆
下列各项属五行之水者为
骨
筋
皮
肉
下列各项符合五行相克规律的是
金为木之所不胜
金为木之所胜
水为土之所胜
木为土之所不胜
下列各项中不符合五行生克规律的是
木为水之子
火为土之母
水为火之所胜
金为木之所胜
金为土之胜
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Muchhasbeenwrittenaboutpovertybutnoneoftheaccountsseemtogetattherootoftheproblem.Itmustbenotedthatthedebilitatingeffectsofpovertyarenotonlytheresultoflackofmoneybutarealsotheresultofpowerlessness.1Thepooraresubjecttotheirsocialsituationinsteadofbeingabletoaffectitthroughactionthatisthroughbehaviorthatflowsfromanindividual’sdecisionsandplans.Inotherwordswhensocialscientistshavereportedonthepsychologicalconsequencesofpovertyitseemsreasonabletobelievethattheyhavedescribedthepsychologicalconsequencesofpowerlessness.Thesolutiontopovertymostfrequentlysuggestedistohelpthepoorsecuremoremoneywithoutotherwisechangingthepresentpowerrelationships.Thisappearstoimplementtheideaofequalitywhileavoidinganyunnecessarythreattotheestablishedcentersofpower.Butsincetheconsequencesofpovertyarerelatedtopowerlessnessnottotheabsolutesupplyofmoneyavailabletothepoorandsincetheamountofpowerpurchasablewithagivensupplyofmoneydecreasesasasocietyacquiresalargesupplyofgoodsandservicesthesolutionofraisingtheincomesofthepoorislikelyunlessaccompaniedbyothermeasurestobeineffectiveinawealthysociety.Inordertoreducepoverty—relatedpsychologicalandsocialproblemsintheUnitedStatesthemajorcommunitywillhavetochangeitsrelationshiptoneighborhoodsofpovertyinsuchfashionthatfamiliesintheneighborhoodshaveagreaterinterestinthebroadersocietyandcanmoresuccessfullyparticipateinthedecision-makingprocessofthesurroundingcommunity.Socialactiontohelpthepoorshouldhavethefollowingcharacteristics:Firstthepoorshouldseethemselvesasthesourceoftheaction.2Secondtheactionshouldeffectinmajorwaysthepreconceptionsofinstitutionsandpersonswhodefinethepoor;theactionshoulddemandmuchineffectorskill.3Thirdtheactionshouldbesuccessfulandthesuccessfulself-originatedimportantactionshouldincreasethefeelingofpotentialworthandindividualpowerofindividualswhoarepoor.4Theonlyinitialresourcewhichacommunityshouldprovidetoneighborhoodsofpovertyshouldbeonatemporarybasisandshouldconsistoforganizerswhowillenabletheneighborhoodsquicklytocreatepowerfulindependentdemocraticorganizationsofthepoor.5Throughsuchorganizationsthepoorwillthennegotiatewiththeoutsidersforresourcesandopportunitieswithouthavingtosubmittoconcurrentcontrolfromoutside.
1Idon’tknowanysuccessfulwomenwhohaven’thadapowerfulsponsorintheirorganizationtogivethemtheirfirstbigbreaksaysAvivahWittenberg-Coxthebossof20-firstaconsultancythathelpscompaniesputmorewomenintoseniorjobs.Thatsentimentisechoedbymanypeoplewhoworkinthisfield.ButwhydowomenneedsomuchhelpManymenwhoclimbthecorporateladderhavesponsorstoo.Indeedtheyfinditeasierthanwomentopersuadeaseniorcolleaguetosponsorthem.Butwomenneedhelpmorebecausetheyaregenerallymorereluctanttopromotethemselves.Theyarealsolesslikelytobuildupusefulnetworksofcontacts.2Thatmayhelptoexplainwhywomenalthoughtheynowenterwhite-collarjobsinmuchthesamenumbersasmeninmanycountriesstillfinditsohardtogetanywhereneartheexecutivesuite.AnewreportSponsorEffect:UKproducedbytheCentreforTalentInnovationCTIaNewYorkthink-tankoffersadetailedpictureofthefemaletalentpipelineinBritainbasedonasurveyofabout2500graduateemployeesmostlyoflargecompanies.3ItnotesthatalthoughwomeninBritainaccountfor57%ofnewrecruitstowhite-collarjobstheymakeupjust17%ofexecutivedirectorsandamere4%ofchiefexecutivesoftheFTSE’s100biggestcompanies.Itisnotthatthewomenlackambitionsaysthereport.Nolessthan79%ofseniorwomeninthesamplesaidtheyaspiredtoatopjoband91%werekeentobepromoted.4Norsaytheauthorsaretheynecessarilyheldbackbyfamilyresponsibilities:nearlytwoinfiveofthoseaged40oroverhadnochildren.Threeinfiveoftheover-40sdidhavechildrenandtalentedwomenwhoquitworktoraisekidsarenotincludedinthesample.Stillthesurvey’smainfindingisstriking.5Only16%ofthesamplehadsponsorsdefinedaspeopleseverallevelsabovethemwhogivethemcareeradviceintroducethemtocontactsandhelpthemgetpromotions.Havingasponsordramaticallyimprovesawoman’scareerprospects.
WhereintheworldisthelargestnumberofdifferentlanguagesspokenMostlinguistswouldprobablyplumpforNewGuineaanislandthathas830recognizedtonguesscatteredarounditsisolatedjungle-coveredvalleys.Butaplaceontheothersideoftheworldrunsitclose.ThefiveboroughsofNewYorkCityarereckonedtobehometospeakersofaround800languages.Manyofthemclosetoextinction.1NewYorkisalsohomeofcoursetoalotofacademiclinguistsandthreeofthemhavegottogethertocreateanorganizationcalledtheEndangeredLanguageAllianceELAwhichisferretingoutspeakersofunusualtonguesfromthecity’shuddledimmigrantmasses.TheELAwhichwassetuplastyearbyDanielKaufmanJulietteBlevinsandBobHolmanhasworkedindetailon12languagessinceitsinception.Ithascodifiedtheirgrammarstheirpronunciationsandtheirword-formationpatternsaswellastheirsongsandlegends.EachvolunteerspeakerofalanguageofinterestisfirsttestedwithwhatisknownasaSwadeshlist.Thisisasetof207high-frequencyslow-to-changewordssuchaspartsofthebodycolorsandbasicverbslikeeatdrinksleepandkill.TheSwadeshlistisintendedtoascertainanindividual’sfluencybeforeheistakenon.OncehehasbeenacceptedDrKauf-manandhiscolleaguesstartchippingawayatthelanguage’sphonologythesoundsofwhichitiscomposedanditssyntaxhowitsmeaningischangedbytheorderofwordsandphrases.Thissortofanalysisisthebreadandbutteroflinguistics.Everysooftenthoughtheresearcherscomeacrossabitofjam.TheMahongwewordmanonoforexamplemeansIlikewhenspokensoftandflatandIdon’tlikewhenthefirstsyllableisatadsharperintone.Similarlymhazacouldbeeitherchestorcouncilhouse.InbothcasesthetwowordsarenearlyindistinguishabletoanEnglishspeakerbutyieldstarklydifferentpatternswhenrunthroughaspectrograph.2Manonoisaparticularlinguisticodditysinceitusesonlytonetodifferentiateanaffirmativefromanegative—aphenomenontheELAhassincediscoveredappliestoallverbsinMahongwe.Suchnicetiesareinterestingtoexperts.ButtheELAisattemptingtounderstandmorethanjustthenutsandboltsoflanguages.Itiscollectingstoriesandotherverbalmaterialspecifictotheculturesoftheparticipants.OnevolunteerforexamplewantstowriteastorybookforchildreninherlanguageShughniandalsoarecipebook.3ThatmeanscreatingawrittenformofthelanguagewhichtheresearchersdousingwhatisknownastheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet.4ManyofDr.Kaufman’sbetterfindshesays.havecomefromhangingoutatstreetcornerswithaclipboardonRooseveltAvenue—astreetintheboroughofQueensthathedescribesastheepicenteroftheepicenteroflinguisticNewYork.Howlongitwillremainsoismoot.Theworld’slanguageswhichnumberabout6900arereckonedtobedyingoutattherateofoneafortnight.ThereasonispreciselythesortofculturalmixingthatNewYorkepitomizes.5Thevalueoflearninganyparticularlanguageisincreasedbythenumberofpeoplewhoalreadyspeakitwhilethevalueofaminoritylanguageisdiminishedaspeopleabandonit.Tothoselanguagesthathathinotherwordsshallbegiven.Fromthosethathathnotshallthelastspeakerssoonbetakenaway
1Despitethegeneralnegativefindingsitisimportanttorememberthatallchildrenwholivethroughadivorcedonotbehaveinthesameway.Thespecificbehaviordependsonthechild’sindividualpersonalitycharacteristicsageatthetimeofdivorceandgender.2Intermsofpersonalitywhencomparedtothoseratedasrelaxedandeasygoingchildrendescribedastemperamentalandirritablehavemoredifficultycopingwithparentaldivorceasindeedtheyhavemoredifficultyadaptingtolifechangeingeneral.Stresssuchasthatfoundindisruptedfamiliesseemstoimpairtheabilityoftemperamentalchildrentoadapttotheirsurroundingsthegreatertheamountofstressthelesswelltheyadapt.Incontrastamoderateamountofstressmayactuallyhelpaneasygoingrelaxedchildlearntocopewithadversity.Thereissomerelationshipbetweenageandchildren’scharacteristicreactiontodivorce.3Asthechildgrowsolderthegreateristhelikelihoodofafreeexpressionofavarietyofcomplexfeelingsanunderstandingofthosefeelingsandarealizationthatthedecisiontodivorcecannotbeattributedtoanyonesimplecause.Self-blamevirtuallydisappearsaftertheageof6fearofabandonmentdiminishesaftertheageof8andtheconfusionandfearoftheyoungchildisreplacedintheolderchildbyshameangerandself-reflection.Genderofthechildisalsoafactorthatpredictsthenatureofreactiontodivorce.Theimpactofdivorceisinitiallygreateronboysthanongirls.Theyaremoreaggressivelesscomplianthavegreaterdifficultiesininterpersonalrelationshipsandexhibitproblembehaviorsbothathomeandatschool.Furthermoretheadjustmentproblemsofboysarestillnoticeableeventwoyearsafterthedivorce.Girls’adjustmentproblemsareusuallyinternalizedratherthanactedoutandareoftenresolvedbythesecondyearafterthedivorce.Howevernewproblemsmaysurfaceforgirlsastheyenteradolescenceandadulthood.Howcantherelativelygreaterimpactofdivorceonboysthanongirlsbeexplained4Thegreatermaleaggressionandnoncompliancemayreflectthefactthatsuchbehaviorsaretoleratedandevenencouragedinmalesinourculturemorethantheyareinfemales.Furthermoreboysmayhaveaparticularneedforastrongmalemodelofself-controlaswellasforastrongdisciplinarianparent.5Finallyboysaremorelikelytobeexposedtotheirparents’fightsthangirlsareandafterthebreakupboysarelesslikelythangirlstoreceivesympathyandsupportfrommothersteachersorpeers.
Gandhi’spacifismcanbeseparatedtosomeextentfromhisotherteachings.1Itsmotivewasreligiousbutheclaimedalsoforitthatitwasadefinitivetechniqueamethodcapableofproducingdesiredpoliticalresults.Gandhi’sattitudewasnotthatofmostWesternpacifists.Satyagraha2themethodGandhiproposedandpracticedfirstevolvedinSouthAfricawasasortofnon-violentwarfareawayofdefeatingtheenemywithouthurtinghimandwithoutfeelingorarousinghatred.ItentailedsuchthingsascivildisobediencestrikeslyingdowninfrontofRailwaytrainsenduringpolicechargeswithoutrunningawayandwithouthittingbackandthelike.GandhiobjectedtopassiveresistanceasatranslationofSatyagraha:inGujaratiitseemsthewordmeansfirmnessinthetruth.3InhisearlydaysGandhiservedasastretcher-bearerontheBritishsideintheBoerWarandhewaspreparedtodothesameagaininthewarof1914-1918.Evenafterhehadcompletelyabjuredviolencehewashonestenoughtoseethatinwaritisusuallynecessarytotakesides.Sincehiswholepoliticallifecenteredroundastrugglefornationalindependencehecouldnotand4indeedhedidnottakethesterileanddishonestlineofpretendingthatineverywarbothsidesareexactlythesameanditmakesnodifferencewhowins.NordidhelikemostWesternpacifistsspecializeinavoidingawkwardquestions.Inrelationtothelatewaronequestionthateverypacifisthadaclearobligationtoanswerwas:WhatabouttheJewsAreyoupreparedtoseethemexterminatedIfnothowdoyouproposetosavethemwithoutresortingtowar5ImustsaythatIhaveneverheardfromanyWesternpacifistanhonestanswertothisquestionthoughIhaveheardplentyofevasionsusuallyoftheyou’reanothertype.ButitsohappensthatGandhiwasaskedasomewhatsimilarquestionin1938andthathisanswerisonrecordinMr.LouisFischer’sGandhiandStalin.AccordingtoMr.FischerGandhi’sviewwasthattheGermanJewsoughttocommitcollectivesuicidewhichwouldhavearousedtheworldandthepeopleofGermanytoHitler’sviolence./
WhataccountsfortheastoundingpopularityofDr.PhilMcGrawWhyhavesomanyTVviewersandbookbuyersembracedthistoughwarriorofapsychologistwhotellsthemtosuckitupanddealwiththeirownproblemsratherthancomplainingandblamingeveryoneelseObviouslyOprahWinfreyhasatottodowithit.Shemadehimfamouswithregularappearancesonhershowandisco-producingthenewDr.Philshowthat’slikelytobethehottestnewdaytimeofferingthisfall.ButwedecidedtoputDr.Philonthecovernotjustbecausehe’saphenomenon.1WethinkhissuccessmayreflectaninterestingshiftintheAmericanspiritoftime.Coulditbethatwe’refinallygettingtiredofthecultureofvictimologyThisisatrickysubjectbecausethereareverysadrealvictimsamongus.Menstillabusewomeninalarmingnumbers.Racismanddiscriminationpersistinsubtleandnot-so-subtleforms.2Butthesedaysalmostanyonecanfindatherapistorlawyertoassurethemthattheirprofessionalrelationshiporhealthproblemsaren’ttheirfault.AsMarcPeysertellsusinhisterrificprofileofDr.PhiltheTVsuitswereinitiallyafraidaudienceswouldbeoffendedbyhissternadvicetogetreal!Infactviewersthirstedforthetoughtalk.Privatelyweallknowwehavetotakeresponsibilityfordecisionswecontrol.Itmaynotberevolutionaryadviceandmayleaveoutimportantfactorslikeunconsciousimpulses.3Butit’sstillanimportantmessagewithclearechoingasayearlaterwecontemplatethepersonallessonsofSeptember11.Backatthelivestockfarm—theoneinCrawfordTexas—PresidentBushcontinuedtoissuemixedsignalsonIraq.4HefinallypromisedtoconsultalliesandCongressbeforegoingtowarandsignaledanattackisn’tcomingrightnowI’mapatientman.Butsofartherehasbeenlittleconsensus-buildingevenastheadministrationtalksofregimechangeandpositionstroopsinthegulf.Bush’steamalsoridiculedthepressforgivingsomuchcoveragetotheIraqissue.DefenseSecretaryRumsfeldcalleditafrenzyandPressSecretaryAriFleischerdismisseditasself-inflictedsilliness.ButasMichaelHirshnotesinourleadstorymuchofthedebatehasbeeninsidetheRepublicanParty5whereimportantvoicesofexperienceargueBushneedstopreparedomesticandworldopinionandthinkthroughtheglobalconsequencesbeforemovingforward.Withsomuchatstakethemediashouldn’tpayattentionNowwho’sbeingsilly
Inmanydevelopingcountriessoftwarepiracyhasbecomepandemic.AccordingtoSoftwarePublishersAssociation95%ofthesoftwareinPakistanispirated89%inBrazil88%inMalaysiaand82%inMexico.1HundredsoftinygizmoshopsinthemazelikestreetsofSeoul’sYongsanelectronicsmarketofferbrandnameU.S.madeprogramsforaprogramerforafractionofthelistpriceincludingLotus1-2-3for$7.50suggestedretail:$368.NewDelhi’slargestpirateoutletisabackroomoperationthatofferscustomersacatalogofnearly400titlesandfacilitiesformakingcopiesforaslittleas$4adisk$2.50forcustomerswhobringtheirownfloppies.Howtocombatthisrampantpiracy2Thepublishers’firstapproachwastocontrolitthroughtechnicalmeans—byputtingcodesintheirprogramsthatpreventedusersfromcopyingthem.Thisstrategyworkedforawhileoratleastuntildeterminedpiratesfoundwaystogetaroundit.3Butthecodesalsomadeitdifficultforlegitimateuserstocopyprogramsontotheirharddrives.Copyprotectionbecamesounpopularthatby1986mostpublishershadabandoneditastheirfirstlineofdefense.Buttheydidn’tgiveupaltogether.ThroughassociationslikeSoftwarePublishersAssociationtheybeganpickingoffpiratesoneatatimefocusingonthebiggestabusers.4SoftwarePublishersAssociationbeganrunningspotchecksandauditsonmajorcorporationssuingfordamageswhentheyfoundfirmshadboughtsayasinglecopyofaprogramandthenmadenumerousunlicensedcopiesforitsemployees.SoftwarePublishersAssociationalsoopenedahotlineonwhichanybodycanreporttheuseofillegalsoftware.Theorganizationnowgets20to30callsadaymostlyfromformerordisgruntledemployeesandcollectsmorethan$3.5millionayearinfinesandpenalties.5TheWashingtonbasedBusinessSoftwareAllianceisconductingsimilaroperationsoverseasputtingpressureonforeigngovernmentstoenforcethecopyrightlawsalreadyonthebooks.
1Despitethegeneralnegativefindingsitisimportanttorememberthatallchildrenwholivethroughadivorcedonotbehaveinthesameway.Thespecificbehaviordependsonthechild’sindividualpersonalitycharacteristicsageatthetimeofdivorceandgender.2Intermsofpersonalitywhencomparedtothoseratedasrelaxedandeasygoingchildrendescribedastemperamentalandirritablehavemoredifficultycopingwithparentaldivorceasindeedtheyhavemoredifficultyadaptingtolifechangeingeneral.Stresssuchasthatfoundindisruptedfamiliesseemstoimpairtheabilityoftemperamentalchildrentoadapttotheirsurroundingsthegreatertheamountofstressthelesswelltheyadapt.Incontrastamoderateamountofstressmayactuallyhelpaneasygoingrelaxedchildlearntocopewithadversity.Thereissomerelationshipbetweenageandchildren’scharacteristicreactiontodivorce.3Asthechildgrowsolderthegreateristhelikelihoodofafreeexpressionofavarietyofcomplexfeelingsanunderstandingofthosefeelingsandarealizationthatthedecisiontodivorcecannotbeattributedtoanyonesimplecause.Self-blamevirtuallydisappearsaftertheageof6fearofabandonmentdiminishesaftertheageof8andtheconfusionandfearoftheyoungchildisreplacedintheolderchildbyshameangerandself-reflection.Genderofthechildisalsoafactorthatpredictsthenatureofreactiontodivorce.Theimpactofdivorceisinitiallygreateronboysthanongirls.Theyaremoreaggressivelesscomplianthavegreaterdifficultiesininterpersonalrelationshipsandexhibitproblembehaviorsbothathomeandatschool.Furthermoretheadjustmentproblemsofboysarestillnoticeableeventwoyearsafterthedivorce.Girls’adjustmentproblemsareusuallyinternalizedratherthanactedoutandareoftenresolvedbythesecondyearafterthedivorce.Howevernewproblemsmaysurfaceforgirlsastheyenteradolescenceandadulthood.Howcantherelativelygreaterimpactofdivorceonboysthanongirlsbeexplained4Thegreatermaleaggressionandnoncompliancemayreflectthefactthatsuchbehaviorsaretoleratedandevenencouragedinmalesinourculturemorethantheyareinfemales.Furthermoreboysmayhaveaparticularneedforastrongmalemodelofself-controlaswellasforastrongdisciplinarianparent.5Finallyboysaremorelikelytobeexposedtotheirparents’fightsthangirlsareandafterthebreakupboysarelesslikelythangirlstoreceivesympathyandsupportfrommothersteachersorpeers.
1Thisissupposedtobeanenlightenedagebutyouwouldn’tthinksoifonlyyoucouldhearwhattheaveragemanthinksoftheaveragewoman.Womenwontheirindependenceyearsago.Afteralongbitterstruggletheynowenjoythesameeducationalopportunitiesasmeninmostpartsoftheworld.Theyhaveprovedrepeatedlythattheyareequalandoftensuperiortomeninalmosteveryfield.Thehard-foughtbattleforrecognitionhasbeenwonbutitisthroughnomeansover.2Itismennotwomenwhostillcarryonthesexwarbecausetheirattituderemainsbasicallyhostileeveninthemostprogressivesocietieswomencontinuetoberegardedassecond-ratecitizens.Tohearsomementalkyou’dthinkthatwomenbelongedtoadifferentspecies!Onthesurfacethecommentsmadethroughmenaboutwomen’sabilitiesseemlight-hearted.Thesametiredjokesaboutwomendriversarerepeateddayinanddayout.Thisapparentlightheartednessdoesnotconcealtherealcontemptthatmenfeelforwomen.Howevermuchmensneeratwomentheirclaimstosuperiorityarenotborneoutthroughstatistics.Let’sconsiderthematterofdrivingforinstance.Weallknowthatwomencausefarfeweraccidentsthanmen.Theyaretooconscientiousandresponsibletodrivelikemaniacs.Butthisisaminorquibble.Womenhavesucceededinanyjobyoucaretoname.3Aspoliticianssoldiersdoctorsfactoryhandsuniversityprofessorsfarmerscompanydirectorslawyersbus-conductorsscientistsandpresidentsofcountriestheyhaveoftenputmentoshame.Andwemustrememberthattheyfrequentlysucceedbrilliantlyinallthesefieldsinadditiontobearingandrearingchildren.Yetmengoonmaintainingthefictionthattherearemanyjobswomencannotdo.4Toplevelpoliticalnegotiationbetweencountriesbusinessandbankingarealmostentirelycontrolledthroughmenwhojealouslyguardtheirso-calledrights.EveninotherwiseenlightenedplaceslikeSwitzerlandwomenhaven’tevenbeengiventhevote.Thissituationispreposterous!Thetruthisthatmenclingtotheirsupremacybecauseoftheirbasicinferioritycomplex.Theyshunrealcompetition.Theyknowintheirheartsthatwomenaresuperiorandtheyareafraidofbeingbeatenattheirowngame.Oneofthemostimportanttasksintheworldistoachievepeacebetweenthenations.5Youcanbesurethatifonlywomenwereallowedtositroundtheconferencetabletheywouldsucceedbrilliantlyastheyalwaysdowheremenhavefailedforcenturies.
1Materialculturereferstothetouchablematerialthings—physicalobjectsthatcanbeseenheldfeltused—thatacultureproduces.Examiningaculture’stoolsandtechnologycantellusaboutthegroup’shistoryandwayoflife.Similarlyresearchintothematerialcultureofmusiccanhelpustounderstandthemusic-culture.Themostvividbodyofthingsinitofcoursearemusicalinstruments.2Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe1870swhenthephonographwasinventedsowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesintheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstrumentspicturedinart.ThroughthestudyofinstrumentsaswellaspaintingswrittendocumentsandsoonwecanexplorethemovementofmusicfromtheNearEasttoChinaoverathousandyearsagoorwecanoutlinethespreadofNearEasterninfluencetoEuropethatresultedinthedevelopmentofmostoftheinstrumentsonthesymphonyorchestra.Sheetmusicorprintedmusictooismaterialculture.Scholarsoncedefinedfolkmusic-culturesasthoseinwhichpeoplelearnandsingmusicbyearratherthanfromprintbutresearchshowsmutualinfluenceamongoralandwrittensourcesduringthepastfewcenturiesinEuropeBritainandAmerica.Printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysongyettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs.3Besidestheabilitytoreadmusicnotationhasafar-reachingeffectonmusiciansandwhenitbecomeswidespreadonthemusic-cultureasawhole.Musicisdeep-rootedintheculturalbackgroundthatfostersit.Wenowpaymoreandmoreattentiontotraditionalorethnicfeaturesinfolkmusicandarewillingtopreservethefolkmusicaswedowithmanytraditionalculturalheritage.Musiciansallovertheworldarebusywithrecordingclassicmusicintheircountryforthesakeoftheiruniqueculture.4Asalwayspeople’saspirationwillalwaysfocusontheirindividualityratherthanuniversalfeaturesthataresharedbyallculturesalike.5Onemoreimportantpartofmusic’smaterialcultureshouldbesingledout:theinfluenceoftheelectronicmedia—radiorecordplayertaperecorderandtelevisionwiththefuturepromisingtalkingandsingingcomputersandotherdevelopments.Thisisallpartoftheinformation-revolutionatwentiethcenturyphenomenonasimportantastheindustrialrevolutioninthenineteenth.Theseelectronicmediaarenotjustlimitedtomodemnations;theyhaveaffectedmusic-culturesallovertheglobe.
Muchhasbeenwrittenaboutpovertybutnoneoftheaccountsseemtogetattherootoftheproblem.Itmustbenotedthatthedebilitatingeffectsofpovertyarenotonlytheresultoflackofmoneybutarealsotheresultofpowerlessness.1Thepooraresubjecttotheirsocialsituationinsteadofbeingabletoaffectitthroughactionthatisthroughbehaviorthatflowsfromanindividual’sdecisionsandplans.Inotherwordswhensocialscientistshavereportedonthepsychologicalconsequencesofpovertyitseemsreasonabletobelievethattheyhavedescribedthepsychologicalconsequencesofpowerlessness.Thesolutiontopovertymostfrequentlysuggestedistohelpthepoorsecuremoremoneywithoutotherwisechangingthepresentpowerrelationships.Thisappearstoimplementtheideaofequalitywhileavoidinganyunnecessarythreattotheestablishedcentersofpower.Butsincetheconsequencesofpovertyarerelatedtopowerlessnessnottotheabsolutesupplyofmoneyavailabletothepoorandsincetheamountofpowerpurchasablewithagivensupplyofmoneydecreasesasasocietyacquiresalargesupplyofgoodsandservicesthesolutionofraisingtheincomesofthepoorislikelyunlessaccompaniedbyothermeasurestobeineffectiveinawealthysociety.Inordertoreducepoverty—relatedpsychologicalandsocialproblemsintheUnitedStatesthemajorcommunitywillhavetochangeitsrelationshiptoneighborhoodsofpovertyinsuchfashionthatfamiliesintheneighborhoodshaveagreaterinterestinthebroadersocietyandcanmoresuccessfullyparticipateinthedecision-makingprocessofthesurroundingcommunity.Socialactiontohelpthepoorshouldhavethefollowingcharacteristics:Firstthepoorshouldseethemselvesasthesourceoftheaction.2Secondtheactionshouldeffectinmajorwaysthepreconceptionsofinstitutionsandpersonswhodefinethepoor;theactionshoulddemandmuchineffectorskill.3Thirdtheactionshouldbesuccessfulandthesuccessfulself-originatedimportantactionshouldincreasethefeelingofpotentialworthandindividualpowerofindividualswhoarepoor.4Theonlyinitialresourcewhichacommunityshouldprovidetoneighborhoodsofpovertyshouldbeonatemporarybasisandshouldconsistoforganizerswhowillenabletheneighborhoodsquicklytocreatepowerfulindependentdemocraticorganizationsofthepoor.5Throughsuchorganizationsthepoorwillthennegotiatewiththeoutsidersforresourcesandopportunitieswithouthavingtosubmittoconcurrentcontrolfromoutside.
WhataccountsfortheastoundingpopularityofDr.PhilMcGrawWhyhavesomanyTVviewersandbookbuyersembracedthistoughwarriorofapsychologistwhotellsthemtosuckitupanddealwiththeirownproblemsratherthancomplainingandblamingeveryoneelseObviouslyOprahWinfreyhasatottodowithit.Shemadehimfamouswithregularappearancesonhershowandisco-producingthenewDr.Philshowthat’slikelytobethehottestnewdaytimeofferingthisfall.ButwedecidedtoputDr.Philonthecovernotjustbecausehe’saphenomenon.1WethinkhissuccessmayreflectaninterestingshiftintheAmericanspiritoftime.Coulditbethatwe’refinallygettingtiredofthecultureofvictimologyThisisatrickysubjectbecausethereareverysadrealvictimsamongus.Menstillabusewomeninalarmingnumbers.Racismanddiscriminationpersistinsubtleandnot-so-subtleforms.2Butthesedaysalmostanyonecanfindatherapistorlawyertoassurethemthattheirprofessionalrelationshiporhealthproblemsaren’ttheirfault.AsMarcPeysertellsusinhisterrificprofileofDr.PhiltheTVsuitswereinitiallyafraidaudienceswouldbeoffendedbyhissternadvicetogetreal!Infactviewersthirstedforthetoughtalk.Privatelyweallknowwehavetotakeresponsibilityfordecisionswecontrol.Itmaynotberevolutionaryadviceandmayleaveoutimportantfactorslikeunconsciousimpulses.3Butit’sstillanimportantmessagewithclearechoingasayearlaterwecontemplatethepersonallessonsofSeptember11.Backatthelivestockfarm—theoneinCrawfordTexas—PresidentBushcontinuedtoissuemixedsignalsonIraq.4HefinallypromisedtoconsultalliesandCongressbeforegoingtowarandsignaledanattackisn’tcomingrightnowI’mapatientman.Butsofartherehasbeenlittleconsensus-buildingevenastheadministrationtalksofregimechangeandpositionstroopsinthegulf.Bush’steamalsoridiculedthepressforgivingsomuchcoveragetotheIraqissue.DefenseSecretaryRumsfeldcalleditafrenzyandPressSecretaryAriFleischerdismisseditasself-inflictedsilliness.ButasMichaelHirshnotesinourleadstorymuchofthedebatehasbeeninsidetheRepublicanParty5whereimportantvoicesofexperienceargueBushneedstopreparedomesticandworldopinionandthinkthroughtheglobalconsequencesbeforemovingforward.Withsomuchatstakethemediashouldn’tpayattentionNowwho’sbeingsilly
Overthelastdecadedemandforthemostcommoncosmeticsurgeryprocedureslikebreastenlargementsandnosejobshasincreasedbymorethan400percent.AccordingtoDr.DaiDaviesofthePlasticSurgeryPartnershipinHammersmiththemajorityofcosmeticsurgerypatientsarenotchasingphysicalperfection.Rathertheyaredriventofantasticlengthstoimprovetheirappearancebyadesiretolooknormal.1Whatweallcraveistolooknormalandnormaliswhatisprescribedbytheadvertisingmediaandotherexternalpressures.Theygiveusaperceptionofwhatisphysicallyacceptableandwefeelwemustlooklikethat.2InAmericathedebateisnolongeraboutwhethersurgeryisnormal;ratheritcentresonwhatagepeopleshouldbebeforegoingundertheknife.NewYorksurgeonDr.GerardImberrecommendsmaintenanceworkforpeopleintheirthirties.TheideaofwaitinguntiloneneedsaheroictransformationissillyhesaysBythenyou’vewasted20greatyearsofyourlifeandallowedthingstogetoutofhand.Dr.Imberdrawsthelineatoperatingonpeoplewhoareunder18however.Itseemsthatsomeonewedon’tconsideroldenoughtoorderadrinkshouldn’tbeconsideringplasticsurgery.IntheUKcosmeticsurgeryhaslongbeenseenastheexclusivedomainoftheveryrichandfamous.3Buttheproportionatecostoftreatmenthasfallensubstantiallybringingallbutthemostadvancedlasertechnologywithinthereachofmostpeople.Dr.Davieswhoclaimstocaterfortheaveragepersonagrees.Hesays:Itreatafewoftherichandfamousandanawfullotofsecretaries.Ofcourse￡3000foranoperationisalotofmoney.Butitisalsoaninvestmentforlifewhichcostsabouthalfthepriceofagoodfamilyholiday.4Dr.Daviessuspectsthattheincreasingsophisticationofthefatinjectingandremovaltechniquesthatallowpatientstobetreatedwithalocalanaestheticinanafternoonhasalsohelpedpromotethepopularityofcosmeticsurgery.5Yetasonewomanwhorecentlypaid￡2500forliposuctiontoremovefatfromherthighsadmittedtheslopetobecomingacosmeticsurgeryVeteranisadeceptivelygentleone.Ihadmylegsdonebecausethey’dbeenbuggingmeforyears.Butgoingintotheclinicwassolowkeyandeffectiveitwhettedmyappetite.NowIdon’tthinkthere’sanyoperationthatIwouldruleouthavingifIcouldaffordit./
Overthelastdecadedemandforthemostcommoncosmeticsurgeryprocedureslikebreastenlargementsandnosejobshasincreasedbymorethan400percent.AccordingtoDr.DaiDaviesofthePlasticSurgeryPartnershipinHammersmiththemajorityofcosmeticsurgerypatientsarenotchasingphysicalperfection.Rathertheyaredriventofantasticlengthstoimprovetheirappearancebyadesiretolooknormal.1Whatweallcraveistolooknormalandnormaliswhatisprescribedbytheadvertisingmediaandotherexternalpressures.Theygiveusaperceptionofwhatisphysicallyacceptableandwefeelwemustlooklikethat.2InAmericathedebateisnolongeraboutwhethersurgeryisnormal;ratheritcentresonwhatagepeopleshouldbebeforegoingundertheknife.NewYorksurgeonDr.GerardImberrecommendsmaintenanceworkforpeopleintheirthirties.TheideaofwaitinguntiloneneedsaheroictransformationissillyhesaysBythenyou’vewasted20greatyearsofyourlifeandallowedthingstogetoutofhand.Dr.Imberdrawsthelineatoperatingonpeoplewhoareunder18however.Itseemsthatsomeonewedon’tconsideroldenoughtoorderadrinkshouldn’tbeconsideringplasticsurgery.IntheUKcosmeticsurgeryhaslongbeenseenastheexclusivedomainoftheveryrichandfamous.3Buttheproportionatecostoftreatmenthasfallensubstantiallybringingallbutthemostadvancedlasertechnologywithinthereachofmostpeople.Dr.Davieswhoclaimstocaterfortheaveragepersonagrees.Hesays:Itreatafewoftherichandfamousandanawfullotofsecretaries.Ofcourse￡3000foranoperationisalotofmoney.Butitisalsoaninvestmentforlifewhichcostsabouthalfthepriceofagoodfamilyholiday.4Dr.Daviessuspectsthattheincreasingsophisticationofthefatinjectingandremovaltechniquesthatallowpatientstobetreatedwithalocalanaestheticinanafternoonhasalsohelpedpromotethepopularityofcosmeticsurgery.5Yetasonewomanwhorecentlypaid￡2500forliposuctiontoremovefatfromherthighsadmittedtheslopetobecomingacosmeticsurgeryVeteranisadeceptivelygentleone.Ihadmylegsdonebecausethey’dbeenbuggingmeforyears.Butgoingintotheclinicwassolowkeyandeffectiveitwhettedmyappetite.NowIdon’tthinkthere’sanyoperationthatIwouldruleouthavingifIcouldaffordit./
Congressisnowdeliberatinglegislativeandbudgetarychangesthatwoulddramaticallyredefinethenation’sresponsibilitiesfortheleastadvantaged.Debateabouttheseresponsibilitiesshouldbewelcomedandnewideasgivencarefulconsideration.ItisnotwritteninstoneorintheConstitutionthatthefederalgovernmentneedstotakecareofthepoor.1Currentprogramsarewidelyviewedasdeficientinlargepartbecausetheyareperceivedasencouragingdependencyandthedissolutionofthefamily.Insomeareasthefederalrolehasbecometoointrusive.Andwithoutnewtaxesmoneyisinshortsupply.Returningresponsibilitytothestateswithatie-offgrantfromthefederalgovernmenttoeasethetransitionisseenbymanyasthesolution.Inmyownviewargumentsthatcurrentproposalsarethebestmeansofdealingwiththeseproblemsaresomewhatdisingenuous.2AsmanyhavearguedtheseproposalscouldmoreaccuratelybedescribedasaTrojanhorsedesignedtodismantlethewelfarestatethathasexistedforthepast60years.Iftheobjectiveistoencourageworkandmarriagethesereformssendtherightsignalsbutmaydisappointinpractice.Iftheobjectiveistoprovidestateswithgreaterflexibilitythesolutionisastreamlinedwaiverprocessandothermodestreforms.3Statesalreadyhaveagreatdealofflexibilityandcouldreadilybegivenmorewithinaframeworkthatestablishesminimumprotectionsforthepoorandaccountabilityforthepublic’smoney.Iftheobjectiveistoreducethedeficitthiscouldbeachievedwithoutcuttingsodeeplyintoprogramsthathelpthemostvulnerable.Thepoorest20percentofthepopulationnowreceivesroughly4percentofallincomeintheUnitedStates.Anydeficitreductionpackagethatasksthemtopaymorethan4percentofthetotalburdenisarguablyunfair.Yetchancesarethattheywillenduppayingfarmorethanthis.Deficitreductionisaworthygoalbutnumeroustaxsubsidiesandentitlementprogramscouldbetappedbeforelow-incomeprogramswerecut.4Asitissafety-netprogramsarebeingrestructuredinwaysthatnotonlyyieldfederalsavingsbutalsopromiselessstateeffortaswell.Finallyiftheobjectiveistoreducepovertywithoutencouragingdependencythemostimportantthingthatgovernmentcandoistoassistlow-incomeworkingfamilieswithsuchmeasuresastheEITCchildcaresubsidizedhealthinsuranceandadjustmentsintheminimumwage.5Ifpersonalcommitmentstoworkandfamilyarethesurestwayoutofpovertyastheyhavebeeninthepastthenthesework-orientedmeasuresarethebestwaytokeepthosewhoplaybytherulesfromfallingfurtherbehind.
1Idon’tknowanysuccessfulwomenwhohaven’thadapowerfulsponsorintheirorganizationtogivethemtheirfirstbigbreaksaysAvivahWittenberg-Coxthebossof20-firstaconsultancythathelpscompaniesputmorewomenintoseniorjobs.Thatsentimentisechoedbymanypeoplewhoworkinthisfield.ButwhydowomenneedsomuchhelpManymenwhoclimbthecorporateladderhavesponsorstoo.Indeedtheyfinditeasierthanwomentopersuadeaseniorcolleaguetosponsorthem.Butwomenneedhelpmorebecausetheyaregenerallymorereluctanttopromotethemselves.Theyarealsolesslikelytobuildupusefulnetworksofcontacts.2Thatmayhelptoexplainwhywomenalthoughtheynowenterwhite-collarjobsinmuchthesamenumbersasmeninmanycountriesstillfinditsohardtogetanywhereneartheexecutivesuite.AnewreportSponsorEffect:UKproducedbytheCentreforTalentInnovationCTIaNewYorkthink-tankoffersadetailedpictureofthefemaletalentpipelineinBritainbasedonasurveyofabout2500graduateemployeesmostlyoflargecompanies.3ItnotesthatalthoughwomeninBritainaccountfor57%ofnewrecruitstowhite-collarjobstheymakeupjust17%ofexecutivedirectorsandamere4%ofchiefexecutivesoftheFTSE’s100biggestcompanies.Itisnotthatthewomenlackambitionsaysthereport.Nolessthan79%ofseniorwomeninthesamplesaidtheyaspiredtoatopjoband91%werekeentobepromoted.4Norsaytheauthorsaretheynecessarilyheldbackbyfamilyresponsibilities:nearlytwoinfiveofthoseaged40oroverhadnochildren.Threeinfiveoftheover-40sdidhavechildrenandtalentedwomenwhoquitworktoraisekidsarenotincludedinthesample.Stillthesurvey’smainfindingisstriking.5Only16%ofthesamplehadsponsorsdefinedaspeopleseverallevelsabovethemwhogivethemcareeradviceintroducethemtocontactsandhelpthemgetpromotions.Havingasponsordramaticallyimprovesawoman’scareerprospects.
1Thisissupposedtobeanenlightenedagebutyouwouldn’tthinksoifonlyyoucouldhearwhattheaveragemanthinksoftheaveragewoman.Womenwontheirindependenceyearsago.Afteralongbitterstruggletheynowenjoythesameeducationalopportunitiesasmeninmostpartsoftheworld.Theyhaveprovedrepeatedlythattheyareequalandoftensuperiortomeninalmosteveryfield.Thehard-foughtbattleforrecognitionhasbeenwonbutitisthroughnomeansover.2Itismennotwomenwhostillcarryonthesexwarbecausetheirattituderemainsbasicallyhostileeveninthemostprogressivesocietieswomencontinuetoberegardedassecond-ratecitizens.Tohearsomementalkyou’dthinkthatwomenbelongedtoadifferentspecies!Onthesurfacethecommentsmadethroughmenaboutwomen’sabilitiesseemlight-hearted.Thesametiredjokesaboutwomendriversarerepeateddayinanddayout.Thisapparentlightheartednessdoesnotconcealtherealcontemptthatmenfeelforwomen.Howevermuchmensneeratwomentheirclaimstosuperiorityarenotborneoutthroughstatistics.Let’sconsiderthematterofdrivingforinstance.Weallknowthatwomencausefarfeweraccidentsthanmen.Theyaretooconscientiousandresponsibletodrivelikemaniacs.Butthisisaminorquibble.Womenhavesucceededinanyjobyoucaretoname.3Aspoliticianssoldiersdoctorsfactoryhandsuniversityprofessorsfarmerscompanydirectorslawyersbus-conductorsscientistsandpresidentsofcountriestheyhaveoftenputmentoshame.Andwemustrememberthattheyfrequentlysucceedbrilliantlyinallthesefieldsinadditiontobearingandrearingchildren.Yetmengoonmaintainingthefictionthattherearemanyjobswomencannotdo.4Toplevelpoliticalnegotiationbetweencountriesbusinessandbankingarealmostentirelycontrolledthroughmenwhojealouslyguardtheirso-calledrights.EveninotherwiseenlightenedplaceslikeSwitzerlandwomenhaven’tevenbeengiventhevote.Thissituationispreposterous!Thetruthisthatmenclingtotheirsupremacybecauseoftheirbasicinferioritycomplex.Theyshunrealcompetition.Theyknowintheirheartsthatwomenaresuperiorandtheyareafraidofbeingbeatenattheirowngame.Oneofthemostimportanttasksintheworldistoachievepeacebetweenthenations.5Youcanbesurethatifonlywomenwereallowedtositroundtheconferencetabletheywouldsucceedbrilliantlyastheyalwaysdowheremenhavefailedforcenturies.
WhereintheworldisthelargestnumberofdifferentlanguagesspokenMostlinguistswouldprobablyplumpforNewGuineaanislandthathas830recognizedtonguesscatteredarounditsisolatedjungle-coveredvalleys.Butaplaceontheothersideoftheworldrunsitclose.ThefiveboroughsofNewYorkCityarereckonedtobehometospeakersofaround800languages.Manyofthemclosetoextinction.1NewYorkisalsohomeofcoursetoalotofacademiclinguistsandthreeofthemhavegottogethertocreateanorganizationcalledtheEndangeredLanguageAllianceELAwhichisferretingoutspeakersofunusualtonguesfromthecity’shuddledimmigrantmasses.TheELAwhichwassetuplastyearbyDanielKaufmanJulietteBlevinsandBobHolmanhasworkedindetailon12languagessinceitsinception.Ithascodifiedtheirgrammarstheirpronunciationsandtheirword-formationpatternsaswellastheirsongsandlegends.EachvolunteerspeakerofalanguageofinterestisfirsttestedwithwhatisknownasaSwadeshlist.Thisisasetof207high-frequencyslow-to-changewordssuchaspartsofthebodycolorsandbasicverbslikeeatdrinksleepandkill.TheSwadeshlistisintendedtoascertainanindividual’sfluencybeforeheistakenon.OncehehasbeenacceptedDrKauf-manandhiscolleaguesstartchippingawayatthelanguage’sphonologythesoundsofwhichitiscomposedanditssyntaxhowitsmeaningischangedbytheorderofwordsandphrases.Thissortofanalysisisthebreadandbutteroflinguistics.Everysooftenthoughtheresearcherscomeacrossabitofjam.TheMahongwewordmanonoforexamplemeansIlikewhenspokensoftandflatandIdon’tlikewhenthefirstsyllableisatadsharperintone.Similarlymhazacouldbeeitherchestorcouncilhouse.InbothcasesthetwowordsarenearlyindistinguishabletoanEnglishspeakerbutyieldstarklydifferentpatternswhenrunthroughaspectrograph.2Manonoisaparticularlinguisticodditysinceitusesonlytonetodifferentiateanaffirmativefromanegative—aphenomenontheELAhassincediscoveredappliestoallverbsinMahongwe.Suchnicetiesareinterestingtoexperts.ButtheELAisattemptingtounderstandmorethanjustthenutsandboltsoflanguages.Itiscollectingstoriesandotherverbalmaterialspecifictotheculturesoftheparticipants.OnevolunteerforexamplewantstowriteastorybookforchildreninherlanguageShughniandalsoarecipebook.3ThatmeanscreatingawrittenformofthelanguagewhichtheresearchersdousingwhatisknownastheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet.4ManyofDr.Kaufman’sbetterfindshesays.havecomefromhangingoutatstreetcornerswithaclipboardonRooseveltAvenue—astreetintheboroughofQueensthathedescribesastheepicenteroftheepicenteroflinguisticNewYork.Howlongitwillremainsoismoot.Theworld’slanguageswhichnumberabout6900arereckonedtobedyingoutattherateofoneafortnight.ThereasonispreciselythesortofculturalmixingthatNewYorkepitomizes.5Thevalueoflearninganyparticularlanguageisincreasedbythenumberofpeoplewhoalreadyspeakitwhilethevalueofaminoritylanguageisdiminishedaspeopleabandonit.Tothoselanguagesthathathinotherwordsshallbegiven.Fromthosethathathnotshallthelastspeakerssoonbetakenaway
1Idon’tknowanysuccessfulwomenwhohaven’thadapowerfulsponsorintheirorganizationtogivethemtheirfirstbigbreaksaysAvivahWittenberg-Coxthebossof20-firstaconsultancythathelpscompaniesputmorewomenintoseniorjobs.Thatsentimentisechoedbymanypeoplewhoworkinthisfield.ButwhydowomenneedsomuchhelpManymenwhoclimbthecorporateladderhavesponsorstoo.Indeedtheyfinditeasierthanwomentopersuadeaseniorcolleaguetosponsorthem.Butwomenneedhelpmorebecausetheyaregenerallymorereluctanttopromotethemselves.Theyarealsolesslikelytobuildupusefulnetworksofcontacts.2Thatmayhelptoexplainwhywomenalthoughtheynowenterwhite-collarjobsinmuchthesamenumbersasmeninmanycountriesstillfinditsohardtogetanywhereneartheexecutivesuite.AnewreportSponsorEffect:UKproducedbytheCentreforTalentInnovationCTIaNewYorkthink-tankoffersadetailedpictureofthefemaletalentpipelineinBritainbasedonasurveyofabout2500graduateemployeesmostlyoflargecompanies.3ItnotesthatalthoughwomeninBritainaccountfor57%ofnewrecruitstowhite-collarjobstheymakeupjust17%ofexecutivedirectorsandamere4%ofchiefexecutivesoftheFTSE’s100biggestcompanies.Itisnotthatthewomenlackambitionsaysthereport.Nolessthan79%ofseniorwomeninthesamplesaidtheyaspiredtoatopjoband91%werekeentobepromoted.4Norsaytheauthorsaretheynecessarilyheldbackbyfamilyresponsibilities:nearlytwoinfiveofthoseaged40oroverhadnochildren.Threeinfiveoftheover-40sdidhavechildrenandtalentedwomenwhoquitworktoraisekidsarenotincludedinthesample.Stillthesurvey’smainfindingisstriking.5Only16%ofthesamplehadsponsorsdefinedaspeopleseverallevelsabovethemwhogivethemcareeradviceintroducethemtocontactsandhelpthemgetpromotions.Havingasponsordramaticallyimprovesawoman’scareerprospects.
Congressisnowdeliberatinglegislativeandbudgetarychangesthatwoulddramaticallyredefinethenation’sresponsibilitiesfortheleastadvantaged.Debateabouttheseresponsibilitiesshouldbewelcomedandnewideasgivencarefulconsideration.ItisnotwritteninstoneorintheConstitutionthatthefederalgovernmentneedstotakecareofthepoor.1Currentprogramsarewidelyviewedasdeficientinlargepartbecausetheyareperceivedasencouragingdependencyandthedissolutionofthefamily.Insomeareasthefederalrolehasbecometoointrusive.Andwithoutnewtaxesmoneyisinshortsupply.Returningresponsibilitytothestateswithatie-offgrantfromthefederalgovernmenttoeasethetransitionisseenbymanyasthesolution.Inmyownviewargumentsthatcurrentproposalsarethebestmeansofdealingwiththeseproblemsaresomewhatdisingenuous.2AsmanyhavearguedtheseproposalscouldmoreaccuratelybedescribedasaTrojanhorsedesignedtodismantlethewelfarestatethathasexistedforthepast60years.Iftheobjectiveistoencourageworkandmarriagethesereformssendtherightsignalsbutmaydisappointinpractice.Iftheobjectiveistoprovidestateswithgreaterflexibilitythesolutionisastreamlinedwaiverprocessandothermodestreforms.3Statesalreadyhaveagreatdealofflexibilityandcouldreadilybegivenmorewithinaframeworkthatestablishesminimumprotectionsforthepoorandaccountabilityforthepublic’smoney.Iftheobjectiveistoreducethedeficitthiscouldbeachievedwithoutcuttingsodeeplyintoprogramsthathelpthemostvulnerable.Thepoorest20percentofthepopulationnowreceivesroughly4percentofallincomeintheUnitedStates.Anydeficitreductionpackagethatasksthemtopaymorethan4percentofthetotalburdenisarguablyunfair.Yetchancesarethattheywillenduppayingfarmorethanthis.Deficitreductionisaworthygoalbutnumeroustaxsubsidiesandentitlementprogramscouldbetappedbeforelow-incomeprogramswerecut.4Asitissafety-netprogramsarebeingrestructuredinwaysthatnotonlyyieldfederalsavingsbutalsopromiselessstateeffortaswell.Finallyiftheobjectiveistoreducepovertywithoutencouragingdependencythemostimportantthingthatgovernmentcandoistoassistlow-incomeworkingfamilieswithsuchmeasuresastheEITCchildcaresubsidizedhealthinsuranceandadjustmentsintheminimumwage.5Ifpersonalcommitmentstoworkandfamilyarethesurestwayoutofpovertyastheyhavebeeninthepastthenthesework-orientedmeasuresarethebestwaytokeepthosewhoplaybytherulesfromfallingfurtherbehind.
1Despitethegeneralnegativefindingsitisimportanttorememberthatallchildrenwholivethroughadivorcedonotbehaveinthesameway.Thespecificbehaviordependsonthechild’sindividualpersonalitycharacteristicsageatthetimeofdivorceandgender.2Intermsofpersonalitywhencomparedtothoseratedasrelaxedandeasygoingchildrendescribedastemperamentalandirritablehavemoredifficultycopingwithparentaldivorceasindeedtheyhavemoredifficultyadaptingtolifechangeingeneral.Stresssuchasthatfoundindisruptedfamiliesseemstoimpairtheabilityoftemperamentalchildrentoadapttotheirsurroundingsthegreatertheamountofstressthelesswelltheyadapt.Incontrastamoderateamountofstressmayactuallyhelpaneasygoingrelaxedchildlearntocopewithadversity.Thereissomerelationshipbetweenageandchildren’scharacteristicreactiontodivorce.3Asthechildgrowsolderthegreateristhelikelihoodofafreeexpressionofavarietyofcomplexfeelingsanunderstandingofthosefeelingsandarealizationthatthedecisiontodivorcecannotbeattributedtoanyonesimplecause.Self-blamevirtuallydisappearsaftertheageof6fearofabandonmentdiminishesaftertheageof8andtheconfusionandfearoftheyoungchildisreplacedintheolderchildbyshameangerandself-reflection.Genderofthechildisalsoafactorthatpredictsthenatureofreactiontodivorce.Theimpactofdivorceisinitiallygreateronboysthanongirls.Theyaremoreaggressivelesscomplianthavegreaterdifficultiesininterpersonalrelationshipsandexhibitproblembehaviorsbothathomeandatschool.Furthermoretheadjustmentproblemsofboysarestillnoticeableeventwoyearsafterthedivorce.Girls’adjustmentproblemsareusuallyinternalizedratherthanactedoutandareoftenresolvedbythesecondyearafterthedivorce.Howevernewproblemsmaysurfaceforgirlsastheyenteradolescenceandadulthood.Howcantherelativelygreaterimpactofdivorceonboysthanongirlsbeexplained4Thegreatermaleaggressionandnoncompliancemayreflectthefactthatsuchbehaviorsaretoleratedandevenencouragedinmalesinourculturemorethantheyareinfemales.Furthermoreboysmayhaveaparticularneedforastrongmalemodelofself-controlaswellasforastrongdisciplinarianparent.5Finallyboysaremorelikelytobeexposedtotheirparents’fightsthangirlsareandafterthebreakupboysarelesslikelythangirlstoreceivesympathyandsupportfrommothersteachersorpeers.
1Thisissupposedtobeanenlightenedagebutyouwouldn’tthinksoifonlyyoucouldhearwhattheaveragemanthinksoftheaveragewoman.Womenwontheirindependenceyearsago.Afteralongbitterstruggletheynowenjoythesameeducationalopportunitiesasmeninmostpartsoftheworld.Theyhaveprovedrepeatedlythattheyareequalandoftensuperiortomeninalmosteveryfield.Thehard-foughtbattleforrecognitionhasbeenwonbutitisthroughnomeansover.2Itismennotwomenwhostillcarryonthesexwarbecausetheirattituderemainsbasicallyhostileeveninthemostprogressivesocietieswomencontinuetoberegardedassecond-ratecitizens.Tohearsomementalkyou’dthinkthatwomenbelongedtoadifferentspecies!Onthesurfacethecommentsmadethroughmenaboutwomen’sabilitiesseemlight-hearted.Thesametiredjokesaboutwomendriversarerepeateddayinanddayout.Thisapparentlightheartednessdoesnotconcealtherealcontemptthatmenfeelforwomen.Howevermuchmensneeratwomentheirclaimstosuperiorityarenotborneoutthroughstatistics.Let’sconsiderthematterofdrivingforinstance.Weallknowthatwomencausefarfeweraccidentsthanmen.Theyaretooconscientiousandresponsibletodrivelikemaniacs.Butthisisaminorquibble.Womenhavesucceededinanyjobyoucaretoname.3Aspoliticianssoldiersdoctorsfactoryhandsuniversityprofessorsfarmerscompanydirectorslawyersbus-conductorsscientistsandpresidentsofcountriestheyhaveoftenputmentoshame.Andwemustrememberthattheyfrequentlysucceedbrilliantlyinallthesefieldsinadditiontobearingandrearingchildren.Yetmengoonmaintainingthefictionthattherearemanyjobswomencannotdo.4Toplevelpoliticalnegotiationbetweencountriesbusinessandbankingarealmostentirelycontrolledthroughmenwhojealouslyguardtheirso-calledrights.EveninotherwiseenlightenedplaceslikeSwitzerlandwomenhaven’tevenbeengiventhevote.Thissituationispreposterous!Thetruthisthatmenclingtotheirsupremacybecauseoftheirbasicinferioritycomplex.Theyshunrealcompetition.Theyknowintheirheartsthatwomenaresuperiorandtheyareafraidofbeingbeatenattheirowngame.Oneofthemostimportanttasksintheworldistoachievepeacebetweenthenations.5Youcanbesurethatifonlywomenwereallowedtositroundtheconferencetabletheywouldsucceedbrilliantlyastheyalwaysdowheremenhavefailedforcenturies.
WhereintheworldisthelargestnumberofdifferentlanguagesspokenMostlinguistswouldprobablyplumpforNewGuineaanislandthathas830recognizedtonguesscatteredarounditsisolatedjungle-coveredvalleys.Butaplaceontheothersideoftheworldrunsitclose.ThefiveboroughsofNewYorkCityarereckonedtobehometospeakersofaround800languages.Manyofthemclosetoextinction.1NewYorkisalsohomeofcoursetoalotofacademiclinguistsandthreeofthemhavegottogethertocreateanorganizationcalledtheEndangeredLanguageAllianceELAwhichisferretingoutspeakersofunusualtonguesfromthecity’shuddledimmigrantmasses.TheELAwhichwassetuplastyearbyDanielKaufmanJulietteBlevinsandBobHolmanhasworkedindetailon12languagessinceitsinception.Ithascodifiedtheirgrammarstheirpronunciationsandtheirword-formationpatternsaswellastheirsongsandlegends.EachvolunteerspeakerofalanguageofinterestisfirsttestedwithwhatisknownasaSwadeshlist.Thisisasetof207high-frequencyslow-to-changewordssuchaspartsofthebodycolorsandbasicverbslikeeatdrinksleepandkill.TheSwadeshlistisintendedtoascertainanindividual’sfluencybeforeheistakenon.OncehehasbeenacceptedDrKauf-manandhiscolleaguesstartchippingawayatthelanguage’sphonologythesoundsofwhichitiscomposedanditssyntaxhowitsmeaningischangedbytheorderofwordsandphrases.Thissortofanalysisisthebreadandbutteroflinguistics.Everysooftenthoughtheresearcherscomeacrossabitofjam.TheMahongwewordmanonoforexamplemeansIlikewhenspokensoftandflatandIdon’tlikewhenthefirstsyllableisatadsharperintone.Similarlymhazacouldbeeitherchestorcouncilhouse.InbothcasesthetwowordsarenearlyindistinguishabletoanEnglishspeakerbutyieldstarklydifferentpatternswhenrunthroughaspectrograph.2Manonoisaparticularlinguisticodditysinceitusesonlytonetodifferentiateanaffirmativefromanegative—aphenomenontheELAhassincediscoveredappliestoallverbsinMahongwe.Suchnicetiesareinterestingtoexperts.ButtheELAisattemptingtounderstandmorethanjustthenutsandboltsoflanguages.Itiscollectingstoriesandotherverbalmaterialspecifictotheculturesoftheparticipants.OnevolunteerforexamplewantstowriteastorybookforchildreninherlanguageShughniandalsoarecipebook.3ThatmeanscreatingawrittenformofthelanguagewhichtheresearchersdousingwhatisknownastheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet.4ManyofDr.Kaufman’sbetterfindshesays.havecomefromhangingoutatstreetcornerswithaclipboardonRooseveltAvenue—astreetintheboroughofQueensthathedescribesastheepicenteroftheepicenteroflinguisticNewYork.Howlongitwillremainsoismoot.Theworld’slanguageswhichnumberabout6900arereckonedtobedyingoutattherateofoneafortnight.ThereasonispreciselythesortofculturalmixingthatNewYorkepitomizes.5Thevalueoflearninganyparticularlanguageisincreasedbythenumberofpeoplewhoalreadyspeakitwhilethevalueofaminoritylanguageisdiminishedaspeopleabandonit.Tothoselanguagesthathathinotherwordsshallbegiven.Fromthosethathathnotshallthelastspeakerssoonbetakenaway
AtthestartoftheyearTheIndependentonSundayarguedthattherewerethreeover-whelmingreasonswhyIraqshouldnotbeinvaded:therewasnoproofthatSaddamposedanimminentthreat;Iraqwouldbeevenmoretrustableasaresultofitsliberation;andaconflictwouldincreasethethreatposedbyterrorists.1WhatwedidnotknowwasthatTonyBlairhadreceivedintelligenceandadvicethatraisedtheverysamepoints.Lastweek’sreportfromtheIntelligenceandSecurityCommitteeincludedtherevelationthatsomeoftheintelligencehadwarnedthatawaragainstIraqriskedanincreasedthreatofterrorism.WhydidMr.BlairnotmakethisevidenceavailabletothepublicinthewaythatsomuchofthealarmistintelligenceonSaddam’sweaponswaspublished2WhydidhechoosetoignoretheintelligenceandargueinsteadthatthewarwasnecessarypreciselybecauseofthethreatposedbyinternationalterrorismTherehavebeentwoparliamentaryinvestigationsintothiswarandtheHuttoninquiryreopenstomorrow.3Intheirdifferentwaystheyhavebeenilluminatingbutnoneofthemhasaddressedthemainissuesrelatingtothewar.TheForeignAffairsCommitteehadthescopetorangewidelybutchosetobecomeentangledinthedisputebetweentheGovernmentandtheBBC.TheIntelligenceCommitteereachedtheconclusionthattheGovernment’sfileonSaddam’sweaponswasnotmixedupbutfailedtoexplainwhytheintelligencewassohopelesslywrong.TheHuttoninquiryisinvestigatingthedeathofDr.DavidKellyapersonaltragedyofmarginalrelevancetothewaragainstIraq.TonyBlairhasstilltocomeundercloseexaminationabouthisconductinthebuilding-uptowar.InsteadtheDefenceSecretaryGeoffHoonisbeingfingeredasifheweremaster-mindingthewarbehindeveryone’sbacksfromtheMinistryofDefence.Mr.HoonisnotaministerwhodarestothinkwithoutconsultingDowningStreetfirst.AtalltimeshewouldhavebeendancingtoDowningStreet’stunes.Mr.BlairwouldbewrongtoassumethathecandrawalineunderallofthisbymakingMr.Hoonthefall-guy.4ItwasMr.BlairwhodecidedtotakeBritaintowarandaCabinetoflargelyskepticalministersthatbackedhim.ItwasMr.BlairwhotoldMPsthatunlessSaddamwasremovedterroristswouldposeagreaterglobalthreat—eventhoughhehadreceivedintelligencethatsuggestedawarwouldleadtoanincreaseinterrorism.ParliamentshouldbetheforuminwhichthePrimeMinisteriscalledmorefullytoaccountbutlainDuncanSmith’ssupportforthewarhasneuteredanalreadyineptopposition.5IntheabsenceofproperparliamentaryscrutinyitislefttonewspaperslikethisonetokeepaskingthemostimportantquestionsuntilthePrimeMinisteranswersthem.
Gandhi’spacifismcanbeseparatedtosomeextentfromhisotherteachings.1Itsmotivewasreligiousbutheclaimedalsoforitthatitwasadefinitivetechniqueamethodcapableofproducingdesiredpoliticalresults.Gandhi’sattitudewasnotthatofmostWesternpacifists.Satyagraha2themethodGandhiproposedandpracticedfirstevolvedinSouthAfricawasasortofnon-violentwarfareawayofdefeatingtheenemywithouthurtinghimandwithoutfeelingorarousinghatred.ItentailedsuchthingsascivildisobediencestrikeslyingdowninfrontofRailwaytrainsenduringpolicechargeswithoutrunningawayandwithouthittingbackandthelike.GandhiobjectedtopassiveresistanceasatranslationofSatyagraha:inGujaratiitseemsthewordmeansfirmnessinthetruth.3InhisearlydaysGandhiservedasastretcher-bearerontheBritishsideintheBoerWarandhewaspreparedtodothesameagaininthewarof1914-1918.Evenafterhehadcompletelyabjuredviolencehewashonestenoughtoseethatinwaritisusuallynecessarytotakesides.Sincehiswholepoliticallifecenteredroundastrugglefornationalindependencehecouldnotand4indeedhedidnottakethesterileanddishonestlineofpretendingthatineverywarbothsidesareexactlythesameanditmakesnodifferencewhowins.NordidhelikemostWesternpacifistsspecializeinavoidingawkwardquestions.Inrelationtothelatewaronequestionthateverypacifisthadaclearobligationtoanswerwas:WhatabouttheJewsAreyoupreparedtoseethemexterminatedIfnothowdoyouproposetosavethemwithoutresortingtowar5ImustsaythatIhaveneverheardfromanyWesternpacifistanhonestanswertothisquestionthoughIhaveheardplentyofevasionsusuallyoftheyou’reanothertype.ButitsohappensthatGandhiwasaskedasomewhatsimilarquestionin1938andthathisanswerisonrecordinMr.LouisFischer’sGandhiandStalin.AccordingtoMr.FischerGandhi’sviewwasthattheGermanJewsoughttocommitcollectivesuicidewhichwouldhavearousedtheworldandthepeopleofGermanytoHitler’sviolence./
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent—A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.1Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren.OneplacewherechildrensoakupAcharacteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthewinatallcostsmoralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.2Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdroppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:Rejoiceweconquer!Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.3Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionablebutcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful.ObviouslyitisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’s.4Theworldneedstypesandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement.Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessenedmoretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.5Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged.
1Materialculturereferstothetouchablematerialthings—physicalobjectsthatcanbeseenheldfeltused—thatacultureproduces.Examiningaculture’stoolsandtechnologycantellusaboutthegroup’shistoryandwayoflife.Similarlyresearchintothematerialcultureofmusiccanhelpustounderstandthemusic-culture.Themostvividbodyofthingsinitofcoursearemusicalinstruments.2Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe1870swhenthephonographwasinventedsowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesintheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstrumentspicturedinart.ThroughthestudyofinstrumentsaswellaspaintingswrittendocumentsandsoonwecanexplorethemovementofmusicfromtheNearEasttoChinaoverathousandyearsagoorwecanoutlinethespreadofNearEasterninfluencetoEuropethatresultedinthedevelopmentofmostoftheinstrumentsonthesymphonyorchestra.Sheetmusicorprintedmusictooismaterialculture.Scholarsoncedefinedfolkmusic-culturesasthoseinwhichpeoplelearnandsingmusicbyearratherthanfromprintbutresearchshowsmutualinfluenceamongoralandwrittensourcesduringthepastfewcenturiesinEuropeBritainandAmerica.Printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysongyettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs.3Besidestheabilitytoreadmusicnotationhasafar-reachingeffectonmusiciansandwhenitbecomeswidespreadonthemusic-cultureasawhole.Musicisdeep-rootedintheculturalbackgroundthatfostersit.Wenowpaymoreandmoreattentiontotraditionalorethnicfeaturesinfolkmusicandarewillingtopreservethefolkmusicaswedowithmanytraditionalculturalheritage.Musiciansallovertheworldarebusywithrecordingclassicmusicintheircountryforthesakeoftheiruniqueculture.4Asalwayspeople’saspirationwillalwaysfocusontheirindividualityratherthanuniversalfeaturesthataresharedbyallculturesalike.5Onemoreimportantpartofmusic’smaterialcultureshouldbesingledout:theinfluenceoftheelectronicmedia—radiorecordplayertaperecorderandtelevisionwiththefuturepromisingtalkingandsingingcomputersandotherdevelopments.Thisisallpartoftheinformation-revolutionatwentiethcenturyphenomenonasimportantastheindustrialrevolutioninthenineteenth.Theseelectronicmediaarenotjustlimitedtomodemnations;theyhaveaffectedmusic-culturesallovertheglobe.
AtthestartoftheyearTheIndependentonSundayarguedthattherewerethreeover-whelmingreasonswhyIraqshouldnotbeinvaded:therewasnoproofthatSaddamposedanimminentthreat;Iraqwouldbeevenmoretrustableasaresultofitsliberation;andaconflictwouldincreasethethreatposedbyterrorists.1WhatwedidnotknowwasthatTonyBlairhadreceivedintelligenceandadvicethatraisedtheverysamepoints.Lastweek’sreportfromtheIntelligenceandSecurityCommitteeincludedtherevelationthatsomeoftheintelligencehadwarnedthatawaragainstIraqriskedanincreasedthreatofterrorism.WhydidMr.BlairnotmakethisevidenceavailabletothepublicinthewaythatsomuchofthealarmistintelligenceonSaddam’sweaponswaspublished2WhydidhechoosetoignoretheintelligenceandargueinsteadthatthewarwasnecessarypreciselybecauseofthethreatposedbyinternationalterrorismTherehavebeentwoparliamentaryinvestigationsintothiswarandtheHuttoninquiryreopenstomorrow.3Intheirdifferentwaystheyhavebeenilluminatingbutnoneofthemhasaddressedthemainissuesrelatingtothewar.TheForeignAffairsCommitteehadthescopetorangewidelybutchosetobecomeentangledinthedisputebetweentheGovernmentandtheBBC.TheIntelligenceCommitteereachedtheconclusionthattheGovernment’sfileonSaddam’sweaponswasnotmixedupbutfailedtoexplainwhytheintelligencewassohopelesslywrong.TheHuttoninquiryisinvestigatingthedeathofDr.DavidKellyapersonaltragedyofmarginalrelevancetothewaragainstIraq.TonyBlairhasstilltocomeundercloseexaminationabouthisconductinthebuilding-uptowar.InsteadtheDefenceSecretaryGeoffHoonisbeingfingeredasifheweremaster-mindingthewarbehindeveryone’sbacksfromtheMinistryofDefence.Mr.HoonisnotaministerwhodarestothinkwithoutconsultingDowningStreetfirst.AtalltimeshewouldhavebeendancingtoDowningStreet’stunes.Mr.BlairwouldbewrongtoassumethathecandrawalineunderallofthisbymakingMr.Hoonthefall-guy.4ItwasMr.BlairwhodecidedtotakeBritaintowarandaCabinetoflargelyskepticalministersthatbackedhim.ItwasMr.BlairwhotoldMPsthatunlessSaddamwasremovedterroristswouldposeagreaterglobalthreat—eventhoughhehadreceivedintelligencethatsuggestedawarwouldleadtoanincreaseinterrorism.ParliamentshouldbetheforuminwhichthePrimeMinisteriscalledmorefullytoaccountbutlainDuncanSmith’ssupportforthewarhasneuteredanalreadyineptopposition.5IntheabsenceofproperparliamentaryscrutinyitislefttonewspaperslikethisonetokeepaskingthemostimportantquestionsuntilthePrimeMinisteranswersthem.
Inmanydevelopingcountriessoftwarepiracyhasbecomepandemic.AccordingtoSoftwarePublishersAssociation95%ofthesoftwareinPakistanispirated89%inBrazil88%inMalaysiaand82%inMexico.1HundredsoftinygizmoshopsinthemazelikestreetsofSeoul’sYongsanelectronicsmarketofferbrandnameU.S.madeprogramsforaprogramerforafractionofthelistpriceincludingLotus1-2-3for$7.50suggestedretail:$368.NewDelhi’slargestpirateoutletisabackroomoperationthatofferscustomersacatalogofnearly400titlesandfacilitiesformakingcopiesforaslittleas$4adisk$2.50forcustomerswhobringtheirownfloppies.Howtocombatthisrampantpiracy2Thepublishers’firstapproachwastocontrolitthroughtechnicalmeans—byputtingcodesintheirprogramsthatpreventedusersfromcopyingthem.Thisstrategyworkedforawhileoratleastuntildeterminedpiratesfoundwaystogetaroundit.3Butthecodesalsomadeitdifficultforlegitimateuserstocopyprogramsontotheirharddrives.Copyprotectionbecamesounpopularthatby1986mostpublishershadabandoneditastheirfirstlineofdefense.Buttheydidn’tgiveupaltogether.ThroughassociationslikeSoftwarePublishersAssociationtheybeganpickingoffpiratesoneatatimefocusingonthebiggestabusers.4SoftwarePublishersAssociationbeganrunningspotchecksandauditsonmajorcorporationssuingfordamageswhentheyfoundfirmshadboughtsayasinglecopyofaprogramandthenmadenumerousunlicensedcopiesforitsemployees.SoftwarePublishersAssociationalsoopenedahotlineonwhichanybodycanreporttheuseofillegalsoftware.Theorganizationnowgets20to30callsadaymostlyfromformerordisgruntledemployeesandcollectsmorethan$3.5millionayearinfinesandpenalties.5TheWashingtonbasedBusinessSoftwareAllianceisconductingsimilaroperationsoverseasputtingpressureonforeigngovernmentstoenforcethecopyrightlawsalreadyonthebooks.
AtthestartoftheyearTheIndependentonSundayarguedthattherewerethreeover-whelmingreasonswhyIraqshouldnotbeinvaded:therewasnoproofthatSaddamposedanimminentthreat;Iraqwouldbeevenmoretrustableasaresultofitsliberation;andaconflictwouldincreasethethreatposedbyterrorists.1WhatwedidnotknowwasthatTonyBlairhadreceivedintelligenceandadvicethatraisedtheverysamepoints.Lastweek’sreportfromtheIntelligenceandSecurityCommitteeincludedtherevelationthatsomeoftheintelligencehadwarnedthatawaragainstIraqriskedanincreasedthreatofterrorism.WhydidMr.BlairnotmakethisevidenceavailabletothepublicinthewaythatsomuchofthealarmistintelligenceonSaddam’sweaponswaspublished2WhydidhechoosetoignoretheintelligenceandargueinsteadthatthewarwasnecessarypreciselybecauseofthethreatposedbyinternationalterrorismTherehavebeentwoparliamentaryinvestigationsintothiswarandtheHuttoninquiryreopenstomorrow.3Intheirdifferentwaystheyhavebeenilluminatingbutnoneofthemhasaddressedthemainissuesrelatingtothewar.TheForeignAffairsCommitteehadthescopetorangewidelybutchosetobecomeentangledinthedisputebetweentheGovernmentandtheBBC.TheIntelligenceCommitteereachedtheconclusionthattheGovernment’sfileonSaddam’sweaponswasnotmixedupbutfailedtoexplainwhytheintelligencewassohopelesslywrong.TheHuttoninquiryisinvestigatingthedeathofDr.DavidKellyapersonaltragedyofmarginalrelevancetothewaragainstIraq.TonyBlairhasstilltocomeundercloseexaminationabouthisconductinthebuilding-uptowar.InsteadtheDefenceSecretaryGeoffHoonisbeingfingeredasifheweremaster-mindingthewarbehindeveryone’sbacksfromtheMinistryofDefence.Mr.HoonisnotaministerwhodarestothinkwithoutconsultingDowningStreetfirst.AtalltimeshewouldhavebeendancingtoDowningStreet’stunes.Mr.BlairwouldbewrongtoassumethathecandrawalineunderallofthisbymakingMr.Hoonthefall-guy.4ItwasMr.BlairwhodecidedtotakeBritaintowarandaCabinetoflargelyskepticalministersthatbackedhim.ItwasMr.BlairwhotoldMPsthatunlessSaddamwasremovedterroristswouldposeagreaterglobalthreat—eventhoughhehadreceivedintelligencethatsuggestedawarwouldleadtoanincreaseinterrorism.ParliamentshouldbetheforuminwhichthePrimeMinisteriscalledmorefullytoaccountbutlainDuncanSmith’ssupportforthewarhasneuteredanalreadyineptopposition.5IntheabsenceofproperparliamentaryscrutinyitislefttonewspaperslikethisonetokeepaskingthemostimportantquestionsuntilthePrimeMinisteranswersthem.
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