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气的失常病机包括哪些内容
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下列属于气机失常的病机是
气虚
气滞
气闭
气陷
气脱
气的失常包括哪些方面______
气虚
气逆
气闭
气陷
气机升降失常的病机包括
气滞
气闭
气脱
气陷
下列各项不属气机失常的病机是
气虚
气滞
气闭
气陷
气脱
汗证的病机包括下列哪几项内容
阴阳失调
腠理不固
肌腠固密
营卫失和
汗液外泄失常
癫病是一种神志失常疾病病位在神机其病机是脏气不平阴阳失调神机逆乱
下列关于气机失常病机的描述不确切的是
气虚
气滞
气闭
气陷
气逆
下列各项中不属于气机失常的病机是
气虚
气滞
气闭
气陷
气脱
以下关于气机失常病机的描述不确切的是
气虚
气滞
气闭
气陷
气逆
何谓病机中医病机从总体来说包括哪些内容
关于气机失常病机的描述不确切的是
气虚
气滞
气闭
气陷
气逆
由于经气不利影响气 血的运行累及所络属之脏 腑以及经络循行部位的生理 功能此病机属于
脏腑病机
经络病机
内生五邪
气血失常
阴阳失调
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PartADirections:Readthe followingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABC orD．Text1 Itistheworld’sfourth-most-important foodcropaftermaizewheatandrice.Itprovidesmorecaloriesmorequickly usinglesslandandinawiderrangeofclimatesthananyOtherplant.Itisof Coursethepotato.TheUnitedNationshasdeclared2008 theInternationalYearofthePotato.Ithopesthatgreaterawarenessofthe meritsofpotatoeswillcontributetotheachievementofitsMillennium DevelopmentGoalsbyhelpingtoalleviatepovertyimprovefoodsecurityand promoteeconomicdevelopment.Itisalwaystheinternationalyearofthisor monthofthat.Butthepotato’sunusualhistorymeansitiswellworth celebratingbyreadersofTheEconomistbecausethepotatoisintertwinedwith economicdevelopmenttradeliberalisationandglobalisation. Unlikelythoughitseemsthepotatopromotedeconomicdevelopmentby underpinningtheindustrialrevolutioninEnglandinthe19thcentury.It providedacheapsourceofcaloriesandwaseasytocultivatesoitliberated workersfromtheland.PotatoesbecamepopularinthenorthofEnglandas peopletherespecialisedinlivestockfarminganddomesticindustrywhile farmersinthesouthwherethesoilwasmoresuitableconcentratedonwheat production.Byahappyaccidentthisconcentratedindustrialactivityinthe regionswherecoalwasreadilyavailableandapotato-drivenpopulationboom providedampleworkersforthenewfactories.FriedrichEngelsevendeclared thatthepotatowastheequalofironforitshistoricallyrevolutionaryrole. Thepotatopromotedfreetradebycontributingtothe abolitionofBritain’sCornLaws-thecausewhichpromptedthefoundingofThe Economistin1843.TheCornLawsrestrictedimportsofgrainintotheUnited Kingdominordertoprotectdomesticwheatproducers.Landownerssupportedthe lawssincecheapimportedgrainwouldreducetheirincomebutindustrialists opposedthembecauseimportswoulddrivedownthecostoffoodallowingpeople tospendmoreonmanufacturedgoods.Ultimatelyitwasnottheeloquenceofthe argumentsagainsttheCornLawsthatledtotheirabolition-andmore’sthepity. ItwasthetragedyoftheIrishpotatofamineof1845inwhich1millionIrish perishedwhenthepotatocroponwhichtheysubsistedsuccumbedtoblight.The needtoimportgraintorelievethesituationinIrelandforcedthegovernment whichwasdominatedbylandownerswhobackedtheCornLawstoreverseits position.Thispavedthewayforliberalisationinother areasandfreetradebecameBritishpolicy.AstheDukeofWellington complainedatthetimerottenpotatoeshavedoneitall. IntheformofFrenchfriesservedalongsideburgersandCoca-Cola potatoesarenowaniconofglobalisation.Thisisquiteaturnaroundgiventhe scepticismwhichfirstgreetedthemontheirarrivalintheOldWorldinthe 16thcentury.Spudswerevariouslythoughttocauseleprosytobefitonlyfor animalstobeassociatedwiththedevilortobepoisonous.Theytookholdin 18thcenturyEuropeonlywhenwarandfaminemeanttherewasnothingelseto eat;peoplethenrealisedjusthowversatileandreliabletheywere.AsAdam Smithoneofthepotato’smanyadmirersobservedatthetimeThevery generalusewhichismadeofpotatoesinthesekingdomsasfoodformanisa convincingproofthattheprejudicesofanationwithregardtodiethowever deeplyrootedarebynomeansunconquerable.Mashedfriedboiledandroast ahumbletuberchangedtheworldandfree-tradingglobaliserseverywhereshould celebrateit.WhywerepotatoesatlastacceptedbyEuropeans
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Weakdollarorno$46000-theprice forasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvard Yard-is1Butnowadayscostis2 barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidable financial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthem deeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesigned to4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleand evenupper-incomefamiliestoo.Sincethenotherrich Americanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives. YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplanson January14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000a yearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhave topayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8 itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamilies makingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale 9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-and upper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudentto takeout10topayfortheir11a policyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvania justafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmission officialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheor shecan’taffordthefees.Noneofthatisquiteas altruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytolure morestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularly state-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressive admissionsfiguresandreputations.Theschemesalso providea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhigh pricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamilies areless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwill notbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’s state-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstable mightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraise cashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20. IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementa sliding-feescale.
PartBDirections:Inthefollowing articlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemost suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.There aretwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks. LongbeforemanlivedontheEarththerewerefishes reptilesbirdsinsectsandsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswere ancestorsofkindslivingtodayothersarenowextinctthatistheyhaveno descendantsalivenow.Neverthelessweknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthem becausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils. 41.______Thatkindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefound tellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginallandoftenoftheplantsthat grewonitandevenofitsclimate.Whenananimaldies thebodyitsbonesorshellmayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakes ortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaits bodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfall uponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.42．______Thusit followsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammalsbirdsandinsectsofwhichwe knownothing43．______Laterformsaremorecomplexand amongthesearethesea-liliesrelationsofthestar-fisheswhichhadlong armsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabedortorocks.Therewere alsocrab-likecreatureswhosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstanceThe bodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegsonepairforwalkingonthesandy bottomtheotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairof compoundeyesoftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwo longbutsomewere2feet.Theshellfishhavealong historyintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.Ofthesetheammonites areveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychambers eachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargerit grewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.Thousandsofthesecanbe seenintherocksontheDorsetCoast.Thefirstanimals withtruebackboneswerefishesfirstknownintherocksof375millionyears ago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibianstheanimalsabletoliveboth onlandandinwaterappeared.Theyweregiantsometimes8feetlongandmany ofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseamorlayerformed. 44．______About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthe groupsdiedout.Themammalsquicklydevelopedandwecantracetheevolution ofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.45．______ [A]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures. Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld. [B]Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfor nearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonlandinthe seaandintheair.[C]Manyofthelatermammals thoughnowextinctwereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincave paintingsandonbonecarvings.[D]Nearlyallofthe fossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedbywateractionandmostof theseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.[E]The earliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsand livedinthesea.[F]Manyfactorscaninfluencehow fossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedby mineralsdissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpressionor simplyreducedtoamorestableform.[G]Fromthemwe cantelltheirsizeandshapehowtheywalkedthekindoffoodtheyate.Very occasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskinsothatapartfromcolorwe canbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsof yearsago.
Text4 ScoresofworkersfromMTVNetworkswalked offthejobyesterdayafternoonfillingthesidewalkoutsidetheheadquarters ofitscorporateparentViacomtoprotestrecentchangesinbenefits.The walkouthighlightedtheconcernsofacategoryofworkerswhoaresometimes calledpermalancers:permanentfreelancerswhoworklikefull-timeemployeesbut donotreceivethesamebenefits.Wavingsignsthatread ShameonViacomtheworkersmostofthemintheir20sdemandedthatMTV Networksreverseaplantoreducehealthanddentalbenefitsforfreelancers beginningOnJan.1st.InastatementMTVNetworksnotedthatitsbenefits programforfull-timeemployeeshadalsoundergonechangesanditemphasized thattheplanforfreelancerswasstillhighlycompetitivewithintheindustry. Manyfreelancersreceivenocorporatebenefits.Butsomeoftheprotesters assertedthatcorporationswerecompetingtoseewhichcouldprovidethemost mediocrehealthcarecoverage.MatthewYondawhoworksatNickelodeonhelda signthatlabeledthenetworkSick-elodeon.I’veworkedhereeverydayfor threeyears-I’mnotafreelancerMr.Yondasaid.Theyjustcallus freelancersinordertobarusfromgettingthesamebenefitsasemployees. Thechangestothebenefitspackagewereannouncedlast Tuesday.Freelancersweretoldthattheywouldbecomeeligibleforbenefits after160daysofworkbeginninginJanuary.Whilethateasedprevious eligibilityruleswhichrequiredfreelancerstoworkfor52weeksbefore becomingeligibleitwouldhaverequiredallfreelancersnotyeteligiblefor benefitstostartthewaitingperiodoveragainonJan.1st.The401kplan wasalsoremoved.OnThursdayacknowledgingthecomplaintsMTVNetworks reinstatedthe401kplanandsaidfreelancerswhohadworkedconsistently sinceMarchwouldbeeligible.Fueledbyaseriesofblog postsonthemediaWebsiteGawker-thefirstpostwasheadlinedTheViacom PermalanceSlaveSystem-aloosecohortoffreelancerscreatedproteststickers anddistributedwalkoutflierslastweek.CarolineO’Hareaunitmanagerwho hasworkedforMTVformorethantwoyearssaidthenewhealthcareplan-with higherdeductiblesanda$2000caponhospitalexpenseseachyear-hadprovoked outrage.Theythinktheycantreatuslikechildrenthatdon’thavefamilies mortgagesordreamsofretirementshesaid.Outside Viacom’sheadquartersseveralworkersheldposterswiththewordsThere’stoo manyofustoignore.Itwasunclearhowmanyfreelancersareonthecompany’s payroll;anMTVNetworks’spokeswomansaidthefigurewasnotknownbecauseit risesandfallsthroughouttheyear.Thecompanyhas5500full-timeemployees excludingfreelancersaroundtheworld.Twofreelancers andonefull-timeemployeewhoaskednottobeidentifiedforfearof retributionestimatedthatthepercentageoffreelancersinsomedepartments exceeded75percent.Anotherlaboractionisexpectedtotakeplaceoutside Viacomlaterthisweek.MembersoftheWritersGuildofAmericawhohavebeen onstrikeforfiveweeksareexpectedtopicketthereonThursday. Whatcanweinferfromtheassertionthatcorporationswerecompetingtoseewhichcouldprovidethemostmediocrehealthcarecoverage9
Text3 RememberSecondLifethevirtualworldthat wassupposedtobecomealmostasimportantasthefirstoneNowpopulatedbyno morethan84000avatarsatatimeithasturnedouttobeaprimeexampleof howshort-livedInternetfadscanbe.Yetifmanyadultsseemtohavegivenup onvirtualworldsthosethatcatertochildrenandteenagersarethriving. Severalhaveevenfoundawaytomakemoney.InAmerica nearly10millionchildrenandteenagersvisitvirtualworldsregularly estimateseMarketeramarketresearcher-anumberthefirmexpectstoincrease to15millionby2013．AsinJanuarytherewere112virtualworldsdesignedfor under-18swithanother81indevelopmentaccordingtoEngageDigitalMediaa marketresearchfirm.Allcatertodifferentagegroups andtastes.InClubPenguinthemarketleaderwhichwasboughtbyDisneyin 2007forawhopping$700millionprimary-schoolchildrencantakeonapenguin personafitouttheirowniglooandplaygames.HabboHotelaservicerunfrom Finlandisaglobalhangoutforteenagerswhowanttocustomisetheirownrooms andmeetinpublicplacestoattendevents.GalaOnlinebasedinSilicon Valleyofferssimilaractivitiesbutisvisitedmostlybyolderteenswhoare intoMangacomics.Notahitwithadvertisersthese onlineworldsearnmostoftheirmoneyfromthesaleofvirtualgoodssuchas itemstospruceupanavataroraprivateroom.Theyarepaidforinaprivate currencywhichmembersearnbyparticipatinginvariousactivitiestrading itemsorbuyingthemwithrealdollars.Thissortof stealthtaxseemstowork.AtGalaOnlineusersspendmorethan$1millionper monthonvirtualitemssaysCraigShermanthefirm’schiefexecutive.Running suchavirtualeconomyisnoteasywhichiswhyGaiahashiredafull-time economisttograpplewithproblemsthatarewellknownintherealworldsuch asinflationandanunequaldistributionofwealth.There areotherbarriersthatcouldlimitthegrowthofvirtualworldsfortheyoung butthemainoneisparents.Manydonotwanttheiroffspringroamingvirtual worldseitherbecausetheyaretoocommercialorarethoughttobetoo dangerous.Keepingthemsafeisoneofthebiggestrunningcostsbecausetheir sponsorshavetoemployrealpeopletopolicetheirrealms. YoungstersarealsoaficklebunchsaysSimonLeveneofAccelPartnersa venture-capitalfirm.Justaschildrenmovefromonetoytoanotherthey readilyswitchworldsorsocialnetworksoftenwithoutsayinggoodbye. EvensoDebraAhoWilliamsonananalystateMarketer believestheseworldsareatraininggroundforthethree-dimensionalweb.If virtualworldsforadultswhichsofarhavebeenabletoretainonlyhardcore usersmanagetohangonforafewyearstheymayyethaveasecondlife. InthefirstparagraphitsaysthatSeveralhaveevenfoundawaytomakemoneyWhichofthefollowingcouldpossiblybetheway
PartADirections:Readthe followingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABC orD．Text1 Itistheworld’sfourth-most-important foodcropaftermaizewheatandrice.Itprovidesmorecaloriesmorequickly usinglesslandandinawiderrangeofclimatesthananyOtherplant.Itisof Coursethepotato.TheUnitedNationshasdeclared2008 theInternationalYearofthePotato.Ithopesthatgreaterawarenessofthe meritsofpotatoeswillcontributetotheachievementofitsMillennium DevelopmentGoalsbyhelpingtoalleviatepovertyimprovefoodsecurityand promoteeconomicdevelopment.Itisalwaystheinternationalyearofthisor monthofthat.Butthepotato’sunusualhistorymeansitiswellworth celebratingbyreadersofTheEconomistbecausethepotatoisintertwinedwith economicdevelopmenttradeliberalisationandglobalisation. Unlikelythoughitseemsthepotatopromotedeconomicdevelopmentby underpinningtheindustrialrevolutioninEnglandinthe19thcentury.It providedacheapsourceofcaloriesandwaseasytocultivatesoitliberated workersfromtheland.PotatoesbecamepopularinthenorthofEnglandas peopletherespecialisedinlivestockfarminganddomesticindustrywhile farmersinthesouthwherethesoilwasmoresuitableconcentratedonwheat production.Byahappyaccidentthisconcentratedindustrialactivityinthe regionswherecoalwasreadilyavailableandapotato-drivenpopulationboom providedampleworkersforthenewfactories.FriedrichEngelsevendeclared thatthepotatowastheequalofironforitshistoricallyrevolutionaryrole. Thepotatopromotedfreetradebycontributingtothe abolitionofBritain’sCornLaws-thecausewhichpromptedthefoundingofThe Economistin1843.TheCornLawsrestrictedimportsofgrainintotheUnited Kingdominordertoprotectdomesticwheatproducers.Landownerssupportedthe lawssincecheapimportedgrainwouldreducetheirincomebutindustrialists opposedthembecauseimportswoulddrivedownthecostoffoodallowingpeople tospendmoreonmanufacturedgoods.Ultimatelyitwasnottheeloquenceofthe argumentsagainsttheCornLawsthatledtotheirabolition-andmore’sthepity. ItwasthetragedyoftheIrishpotatofamineof1845inwhich1millionIrish perishedwhenthepotatocroponwhichtheysubsistedsuccumbedtoblight.The needtoimportgraintorelievethesituationinIrelandforcedthegovernment whichwasdominatedbylandownerswhobackedtheCornLawstoreverseits position.Thispavedthewayforliberalisationinother areasandfreetradebecameBritishpolicy.AstheDukeofWellington complainedatthetimerottenpotatoeshavedoneitall. IntheformofFrenchfriesservedalongsideburgersandCoca-Cola potatoesarenowaniconofglobalisation.Thisisquiteaturnaroundgiventhe scepticismwhichfirstgreetedthemontheirarrivalintheOldWorldinthe 16thcentury.Spudswerevariouslythoughttocauseleprosytobefitonlyfor animalstobeassociatedwiththedevilortobepoisonous.Theytookholdin 18thcenturyEuropeonlywhenwarandfaminemeanttherewasnothingelseto eat;peoplethenrealisedjusthowversatileandreliabletheywere.AsAdam Smithoneofthepotato’smanyadmirersobservedatthetimeThevery generalusewhichismadeofpotatoesinthesekingdomsasfoodformanisa convincingproofthattheprejudicesofanationwithregardtodiethowever deeplyrootedarebynomeansunconquerable.Mashedfriedboiledandroast ahumbletuberchangedtheworldandfree-tradingglobaliserseverywhereshould celebrateit.Accordingtothetextwhatarethefeaturesofpotatoes
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
PartBDirections:Inthefollowing articlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemost suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.There aretwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks. LongbeforemanlivedontheEarththerewerefishes reptilesbirdsinsectsandsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswere ancestorsofkindslivingtodayothersarenowextinctthatistheyhaveno descendantsalivenow.Neverthelessweknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthem becausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils. 41.______Thatkindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefound tellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginallandoftenoftheplantsthat grewonitandevenofitsclimate.Whenananimaldies thebodyitsbonesorshellmayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakes ortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaits bodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfall uponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.42．______Thusit followsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammalsbirdsandinsectsofwhichwe knownothing43．______Laterformsaremorecomplexand amongthesearethesea-liliesrelationsofthestar-fisheswhichhadlong armsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabedortorocks.Therewere alsocrab-likecreatureswhosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstanceThe bodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegsonepairforwalkingonthesandy bottomtheotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairof compoundeyesoftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwo longbutsomewere2feet.Theshellfishhavealong historyintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.Ofthesetheammonites areveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychambers eachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargerit grewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.Thousandsofthesecanbe seenintherocksontheDorsetCoast.Thefirstanimals withtruebackboneswerefishesfirstknownintherocksof375millionyears ago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibianstheanimalsabletoliveboth onlandandinwaterappeared.Theyweregiantsometimes8feetlongandmany ofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseamorlayerformed. 44．______About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthe groupsdiedout.Themammalsquicklydevelopedandwecantracetheevolution ofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.45．______ [A]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures. Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld. [B]Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfor nearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonlandinthe seaandintheair.[C]Manyofthelatermammals thoughnowextinctwereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincave paintingsandonbonecarvings.[D]Nearlyallofthe fossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedbywateractionandmostof theseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.[E]The earliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsand livedinthesea.[F]Manyfactorscaninfluencehow fossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedby mineralsdissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpressionor simplyreducedtoamorestableform.[G]Fromthemwe cantelltheirsizeandshapehowtheywalkedthekindoffoodtheyate.Very occasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskinsothatapartfromcolorwe canbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsof yearsago.
PartCDirections:Readthefollowing textcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Your translationshouldbewrittenclearly. Itishardtogetagriponfood.TheUN’sWorldHealth Organisationworriesaboutdiminishingsuppliesandincreasedpricesinpoor countries;recentriotsandnear-riotsinHaitiBangladeshandEgyptwere sparkedbythegrowingcostofwheatandrice.ButasPaulRobertsobservesin TheEndofFoodthedevelopedworldhaslivedthroughanearmiraculous periodduringwhichthethingsweateseemedtogrowonlymoreplentifulmore securemorenutritiousandsimplybetter.46．Inthesecondhalfofthe 20thcenturyworldoutputofcornwheatandcerealcropsmorethantripled. Yetthereisnotenoughtofeedtherichtheaspirationalandthepoorinthe world.Agoldenagehasbeentransformedquitesuddenlyintoaglobal crisis.MrRobertsinsiststhatmodernagribusiness isunsustainableandbecomingmoreso.Preciselyatthemomentinhistorywhen weneedtoshiftoursystemoffoodproductionintooverdriveouragricultural engineisbreakingdownhesays.Theindustryhastakencheapoilforgranted. Oilfuelstransportationandfarmmachineryandnaturalgasisthebasisof syntheticnitrogenproductionpriceshavetripledsince2002.Agriculture accountsforthree-quartersoffreshwateruseandwaterisbecomingan increasinglyscarceandexpensiveresource.Climatechangemakessomeold assumptionsaboutfarmingredundant.47．Acombinationofthesefactorshe sayswillultimatelyforceacompleterethinkingofthewaywemakefood. Foryearsgovernmentsubsidieshelddowngrainprices makingfoodcheaper.48．Waterwasalsoplentiful-ittakes1000tonnesof watertoproduceatonneofgrain-andaningeniousprocessknownasHaber-Bosch makessyntheticnitrogenfertilisereasilyavailabletograinfarmers. Ruthlessprice-cuttingatsupermarketsmeans consumershavegrownaccustomedtoeatingtoomuch.In thelate19thcenturyEuropeansalreadythoughtAmericansatethreeorfour timesmorethanwasnecessary.Themostdamagingconsequenceisthatby2000 31%ofAmericanadultswereobesewithanother16%definedasoverweight. Americanairlinesspend$275millionayearmoreonfuelsimplytolift theheavierpassengers.MrRobertsclaimsthateveryyearobesitycauses400000 prematuredeathsinAmerica.Foodhasbecomeasdeadlyastobacco. Afruitfulstartwouldbetohalvethesizeofportions inallAmericanrestaurantsbutmostconsumersarereluctantrethinkers. 49．Eatingorganicproductcouldbeapartialsolutionalthoughone studysuggeststhatthecostofavoidingintensivefarmchemicalswouldmeana 31%increaseinfoodprices.Governmentscientistsbelievethatgenetically modifiedcropsmightbetheonlywayoutofthecrisisbutamajorityof consumersarereluctanttolisten.Isthereamodelfor thefuture50．FashionablyMr.Robertsbelievesthatalocalsystembasedon easilyobtainableseasonalfoodsthatdonotneedtobetransportedhuge distanceswouldformpartofasolution.Theeconomicsandgreeneryofthis arefarfromproven.MrRobertscanfindonlyonecountrythathasmadeserious effortsinthisdirection:Cubahardlyacomfortingexample.Thecomingfood crisiswarnstheauthorisasintractableasglobalwarmingandnoless urgent.
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Text3 RememberSecondLifethevirtualworldthat wassupposedtobecomealmostasimportantasthefirstoneNowpopulatedbyno morethan84000avatarsatatimeithasturnedouttobeaprimeexampleof howshort-livedInternetfadscanbe.Yetifmanyadultsseemtohavegivenup onvirtualworldsthosethatcatertochildrenandteenagersarethriving. Severalhaveevenfoundawaytomakemoney.InAmerica nearly10millionchildrenandteenagersvisitvirtualworldsregularly estimateseMarketeramarketresearcher-anumberthefirmexpectstoincrease to15millionby2013．AsinJanuarytherewere112virtualworldsdesignedfor under-18swithanother81indevelopmentaccordingtoEngageDigitalMediaa marketresearchfirm.Allcatertodifferentagegroups andtastes.InClubPenguinthemarketleaderwhichwasboughtbyDisneyin 2007forawhopping$700millionprimary-schoolchildrencantakeonapenguin personafitouttheirowniglooandplaygames.HabboHotelaservicerunfrom Finlandisaglobalhangoutforteenagerswhowanttocustomisetheirownrooms andmeetinpublicplacestoattendevents.GalaOnlinebasedinSilicon Valleyofferssimilaractivitiesbutisvisitedmostlybyolderteenswhoare intoMangacomics.Notahitwithadvertisersthese onlineworldsearnmostoftheirmoneyfromthesaleofvirtualgoodssuchas itemstospruceupanavataroraprivateroom.Theyarepaidforinaprivate currencywhichmembersearnbyparticipatinginvariousactivitiestrading itemsorbuyingthemwithrealdollars.Thissortof stealthtaxseemstowork.AtGalaOnlineusersspendmorethan$1millionper monthonvirtualitemssaysCraigShermanthefirm’schiefexecutive.Running suchavirtualeconomyisnoteasywhichiswhyGaiahashiredafull-time economisttograpplewithproblemsthatarewellknownintherealworldsuch asinflationandanunequaldistributionofwealth.There areotherbarriersthatcouldlimitthegrowthofvirtualworldsfortheyoung butthemainoneisparents.Manydonotwanttheiroffspringroamingvirtual worldseitherbecausetheyaretoocommercialorarethoughttobetoo dangerous.Keepingthemsafeisoneofthebiggestrunningcostsbecausetheir sponsorshavetoemployrealpeopletopolicetheirrealms. YoungstersarealsoaficklebunchsaysSimonLeveneofAccelPartnersa venture-capitalfirm.Justaschildrenmovefromonetoytoanotherthey readilyswitchworldsorsocialnetworksoftenwithoutsayinggoodbye. EvensoDebraAhoWilliamsonananalystateMarketer believestheseworldsareatraininggroundforthethree-dimensionalweb.If virtualworldsforadultswhichsofarhavebeenabletoretainonlyhardcore usersmanagetohangonforafewyearstheymayyethaveasecondlife. WhatmaystealthtaxinThissortofstealthtaxseemstoworkreferto
Text4 ScoresofworkersfromMTVNetworkswalked offthejobyesterdayafternoonfillingthesidewalkoutsidetheheadquarters ofitscorporateparentViacomtoprotestrecentchangesinbenefits.The walkouthighlightedtheconcernsofacategoryofworkerswhoaresometimes calledpermalancers:permanentfreelancerswhoworklikefull-timeemployeesbut donotreceivethesamebenefits.Wavingsignsthatread ShameonViacomtheworkersmostofthemintheir20sdemandedthatMTV Networksreverseaplantoreducehealthanddentalbenefitsforfreelancers beginningOnJan.1st.InastatementMTVNetworksnotedthatitsbenefits programforfull-timeemployeeshadalsoundergonechangesanditemphasized thattheplanforfreelancerswasstillhighlycompetitivewithintheindustry. Manyfreelancersreceivenocorporatebenefits.Butsomeoftheprotesters assertedthatcorporationswerecompetingtoseewhichcouldprovidethemost mediocrehealthcarecoverage.MatthewYondawhoworksatNickelodeonhelda signthatlabeledthenetworkSick-elodeon.I’veworkedhereeverydayfor threeyears-I’mnotafreelancerMr.Yondasaid.Theyjustcallus freelancersinordertobarusfromgettingthesamebenefitsasemployees. Thechangestothebenefitspackagewereannouncedlast Tuesday.Freelancersweretoldthattheywouldbecomeeligibleforbenefits after160daysofworkbeginninginJanuary.Whilethateasedprevious eligibilityruleswhichrequiredfreelancerstoworkfor52weeksbefore becomingeligibleitwouldhaverequiredallfreelancersnotyeteligiblefor benefitstostartthewaitingperiodoveragainonJan.1st.The401kplan wasalsoremoved.OnThursdayacknowledgingthecomplaintsMTVNetworks reinstatedthe401kplanandsaidfreelancerswhohadworkedconsistently sinceMarchwouldbeeligible.Fueledbyaseriesofblog postsonthemediaWebsiteGawker-thefirstpostwasheadlinedTheViacom PermalanceSlaveSystem-aloosecohortoffreelancerscreatedproteststickers anddistributedwalkoutflierslastweek.CarolineO’Hareaunitmanagerwho hasworkedforMTVformorethantwoyearssaidthenewhealthcareplan-with higherdeductiblesanda$2000caponhospitalexpenseseachyear-hadprovoked outrage.Theythinktheycantreatuslikechildrenthatdon’thavefamilies mortgagesordreamsofretirementshesaid.Outside Viacom’sheadquartersseveralworkersheldposterswiththewordsThere’stoo manyofustoignore.Itwasunclearhowmanyfreelancersareonthecompany’s payroll;anMTVNetworks’spokeswomansaidthefigurewasnotknownbecauseit risesandfallsthroughouttheyear.Thecompanyhas5500full-timeemployees excludingfreelancersaroundtheworld.Twofreelancers andonefull-timeemployeewhoaskednottobeidentifiedforfearof retributionestimatedthatthepercentageoffreelancersinsomedepartments exceeded75percent.Anotherlaboractionisexpectedtotakeplaceoutside Viacomlaterthisweek.MembersoftheWritersGuildofAmericawhohavebeen onstrikeforfiveweeksareexpectedtopicketthereonThursday. WhydidtheMTVNetworks’spokeswomansaythenumberoffreelancerswasunclear
OneofyourpenfriendsJohnwillbevisitingyourcity.Howeverforsomereasonsyoucannotmeethimattheairportontime.Writealetteraskinghimtowaitforyouattheairportandtellhimhowtorecognizeyou.Yourlettershouldbenolessthan100words.Youdon’tneedtowritetheaddress.Don’tsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseRogerinstead.
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Text2 Twenty-sevenyearsagoEgyptrevised itssecularconstitutiontoenshrineMuslimshariaastheprincipalsourceof legislation.Tomostcitizensmostofthetimethatseeming contradiction-betweensecularismandreligion-hasnotmademuchdifference.Nine intenEgyptiansareSunniMuslimsandexpectIslamtogovernsuchthingsas marriagedivorceandinheritance.NearlyalltherestprofessChristianityor JudaismfaithsrecognisedandprotectedinIslam.Buttothesmallminoritywho embraceotherfaithsorwhohavetriedtoleaveIslamithasuntillately madeanincreasinglytroublingdifference.Membersof Egypt’s2000-strongBahaicommunityforinstancehavefoundtheycannotstate theirreligiononthenationalidentitycardsthatallEgyptiansareobligedto producetosecuresuchthingsasdriver’slicensesbankaccountssocial insuranceandstateschooling.HundredsofCopticChristianswhohaveconverted toIslamoftentoescapetheOrthodoxsect’sbanondivorcefindtheycannot reverttotheiroriginalfaith.InsomecaseschildrenraisedasChristians havediscoveredthatbecauseadivorcedparentconvertedtoIslamtheytoo havebecomeofficiallyMuslimandcannotclaimotherwise. Suchrestrictionsonreligiousfreedomarenotdirectlyaproductof shariasayhuman-rightscampaignersbutratherofrigidinterpretationsof Islamiclawbyover-zealousofficials.IntheirstrictviewBahaibeliefcannot berecognisedasalegitimatefaithsinceitaroseinthe19thcenturylong afterIslamstakeditsclaimtobethefinalrevelationinachainofprophecies beginningwithAdam.LikewisetheybrandanyattempttoleaveIslamwhatever thecircumstancesasaformofapostasypunishablebydeath. Butsuchviewshavelatelybeenchallenged.LastyearAliGomaatheGrand Muftiwhoisthegovernment’shighestreligiousadviserdeclaredthatnowhere inIslam’ssacredtextsdiditsaythatapostasyneedbepunishedinthepresent ratherthanbyGodintheafterlife.InthepastmonthEgyptiancourtshave issuedtworulingsthatwhilerestrictedinscopeshouldeasesomebothersome strictures.Bahaismaynowleavethespaceforreligion ontheiridentitycardsblank.TwelveformerChristianswonalawsuitandmay nowreturntotheiroriginalfaithonconditionthattheiridentitydocuments notetheirpreviousadherencetoIslam.Smallsteps perhapsbuttheypointthewaytowardsfreedomofchoiceandcitizenshipbased onequalrightsratherthanmembershipofaprivilegedreligion. WhattroublemaypeoplewhoareneitherMuslimsnorChristiansnorJudaistsencounteraccordingtothetext
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Weakdollarorno$46000-theprice forasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvard Yard-is1Butnowadayscostis2 barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidable financial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthem deeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesigned to4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleand evenupper-incomefamiliestoo.Sincethenotherrich Americanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives. YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplanson January14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000a yearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhave topayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8 itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamilies makingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale 9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-and upper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudentto takeout10topayfortheir11a policyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvania justafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmission officialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheor shecan’taffordthefees.Noneofthatisquiteas altruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytolure morestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularly state-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressive admissionsfiguresandreputations.Theschemesalso providea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhigh pricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamilies areless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwill notbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’s state-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstable mightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraise cashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20. IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementa sliding-feescale.
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Weakdollarorno$46000-theprice forasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvard Yard-is1Butnowadayscostis2 barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidable financial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthem deeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesigned to4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleand evenupper-incomefamiliestoo.Sincethenotherrich Americanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives. YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplanson January14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000a yearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhave topayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8 itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamilies makingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale 9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-and upper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudentto takeout10topayfortheir11a policyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvania justafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmission officialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheor shecan’taffordthefees.Noneofthatisquiteas altruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytolure morestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularly state-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressive admissionsfiguresandreputations.Theschemesalso providea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhigh pricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamilies areless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwill notbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’s state-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstable mightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraise cashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20. IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementa sliding-feescale.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Weakdollarorno$46000-theprice forasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvard Yard-is1Butnowadayscostis2 barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidable financial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthem deeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesigned to4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleand evenupper-incomefamiliestoo.Sincethenotherrich Americanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives. YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplanson January14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000a yearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhave topayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8 itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamilies makingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale 9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-and upper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudentto takeout10topayfortheir11a policyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvania justafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmission officialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheor shecan’taffordthefees.Noneofthatisquiteas altruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytolure morestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularly state-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressive admissionsfiguresandreputations.Theschemesalso providea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhigh pricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamilies areless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwill notbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’s state-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstable mightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraise cashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20. IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementa sliding-feescale.
PartBDirections:Inthefollowing articlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemost suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.There aretwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks. LongbeforemanlivedontheEarththerewerefishes reptilesbirdsinsectsandsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswere ancestorsofkindslivingtodayothersarenowextinctthatistheyhaveno descendantsalivenow.Neverthelessweknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthem becausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils. 41.______Thatkindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefound tellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginallandoftenoftheplantsthat grewonitandevenofitsclimate.Whenananimaldies thebodyitsbonesorshellmayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakes ortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaits bodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfall uponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.42．______Thusit followsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammalsbirdsandinsectsofwhichwe knownothing43．______Laterformsaremorecomplexand amongthesearethesea-liliesrelationsofthestar-fisheswhichhadlong armsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabedortorocks.Therewere alsocrab-likecreatureswhosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstanceThe bodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegsonepairforwalkingonthesandy bottomtheotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairof compoundeyesoftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwo longbutsomewere2feet.Theshellfishhavealong historyintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.Ofthesetheammonites areveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychambers eachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargerit grewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.Thousandsofthesecanbe seenintherocksontheDorsetCoast.Thefirstanimals withtruebackboneswerefishesfirstknownintherocksof375millionyears ago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibianstheanimalsabletoliveboth onlandandinwaterappeared.Theyweregiantsometimes8feetlongandmany ofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseamorlayerformed. 44．______About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthe groupsdiedout.Themammalsquicklydevelopedandwecantracetheevolution ofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.45．______ [A]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures. Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld. [B]Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfor nearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonlandinthe seaandintheair.[C]Manyofthelatermammals thoughnowextinctwereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincave paintingsandonbonecarvings.[D]Nearlyallofthe fossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedbywateractionandmostof theseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.[E]The earliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsand livedinthesea.[F]Manyfactorscaninfluencehow fossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedby mineralsdissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpressionor simplyreducedtoamorestableform.[G]Fromthemwe cantelltheirsizeandshapehowtheywalkedthekindoffoodtheyate.Very occasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskinsothatapartfromcolorwe canbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsof yearsago.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Weakdollarorno$46000-theprice forasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvard Yard-is1Butnowadayscostis2 barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidable financial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthem deeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesigned to4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleand evenupper-incomefamiliestoo.Sincethenotherrich Americanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives. YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplanson January14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000a yearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhave topayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8 itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamilies makingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale 9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-and upper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudentto takeout10topayfortheir11a policyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvania justafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmission officialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheor shecan’taffordthefees.Noneofthatisquiteas altruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytolure morestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularly state-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressive admissionsfiguresandreputations.Theschemesalso providea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhigh pricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamilies areless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwill notbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’s state-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstable mightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraise cashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20. IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementa sliding-feescale.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Weakdollarorno$46000-theprice forasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvard Yard-is1Butnowadayscostis2 barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidable financial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthem deeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesigned to4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleand evenupper-incomefamiliestoo.Sincethenotherrich Americanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives. YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplanson January14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000a yearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhave topayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8 itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamilies makingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale 9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-and upper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudentto takeout10topayfortheir11a policyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvania justafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmission officialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheor shecan’taffordthefees.Noneofthatisquiteas altruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytolure morestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularly state-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressive admissionsfiguresandreputations.Theschemesalso providea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhigh pricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamilies areless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwill notbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’s state-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstable mightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraise cashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20. IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementa sliding-feescale.
PartADirections:Readthe followingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABC orD．Text1 Itistheworld’sfourth-most-important foodcropaftermaizewheatandrice.Itprovidesmorecaloriesmorequickly usinglesslandandinawiderrangeofclimatesthananyOtherplant.Itisof Coursethepotato.TheUnitedNationshasdeclared2008 theInternationalYearofthePotato.Ithopesthatgreaterawarenessofthe meritsofpotatoeswillcontributetotheachievementofitsMillennium DevelopmentGoalsbyhelpingtoalleviatepovertyimprovefoodsecurityand promoteeconomicdevelopment.Itisalwaystheinternationalyearofthisor monthofthat.Butthepotato’sunusualhistorymeansitiswellworth celebratingbyreadersofTheEconomistbecausethepotatoisintertwinedwith economicdevelopmenttradeliberalisationandglobalisation. Unlikelythoughitseemsthepotatopromotedeconomicdevelopmentby underpinningtheindustrialrevolutioninEnglandinthe19thcentury.It providedacheapsourceofcaloriesandwaseasytocultivatesoitliberated workersfromtheland.PotatoesbecamepopularinthenorthofEnglandas peopletherespecialisedinlivestockfarminganddomesticindustrywhile farmersinthesouthwherethesoilwasmoresuitableconcentratedonwheat production.Byahappyaccidentthisconcentratedindustrialactivityinthe regionswherecoalwasreadilyavailableandapotato-drivenpopulationboom providedampleworkersforthenewfactories.FriedrichEngelsevendeclared thatthepotatowastheequalofironforitshistoricallyrevolutionaryrole. Thepotatopromotedfreetradebycontributingtothe abolitionofBritain’sCornLaws-thecausewhichpromptedthefoundingofThe Economistin1843.TheCornLawsrestrictedimportsofgrainintotheUnited Kingdominordertoprotectdomesticwheatproducers.Landownerssupportedthe lawssincecheapimportedgrainwouldreducetheirincomebutindustrialists opposedthembecauseimportswoulddrivedownthecostoffoodallowingpeople tospendmoreonmanufacturedgoods.Ultimatelyitwasnottheeloquenceofthe argumentsagainsttheCornLawsthatledtotheirabolition-andmore’sthepity. ItwasthetragedyoftheIrishpotatofamineof1845inwhich1millionIrish perishedwhenthepotatocroponwhichtheysubsistedsuccumbedtoblight.The needtoimportgraintorelievethesituationinIrelandforcedthegovernment whichwasdominatedbylandownerswhobackedtheCornLawstoreverseits position.Thispavedthewayforliberalisationinother areasandfreetradebecameBritishpolicy.AstheDukeofWellington complainedatthetimerottenpotatoeshavedoneitall. IntheformofFrenchfriesservedalongsideburgersandCoca-Cola potatoesarenowaniconofglobalisation.Thisisquiteaturnaroundgiventhe scepticismwhichfirstgreetedthemontheirarrivalintheOldWorldinthe 16thcentury.Spudswerevariouslythoughttocauseleprosytobefitonlyfor animalstobeassociatedwiththedevilortobepoisonous.Theytookholdin 18thcenturyEuropeonlywhenwarandfaminemeanttherewasnothingelseto eat;peoplethenrealisedjusthowversatileandreliabletheywere.AsAdam Smithoneofthepotato’smanyadmirersobservedatthetimeThevery generalusewhichismadeofpotatoesinthesekingdomsasfoodformanisa convincingproofthattheprejudicesofanationwithregardtodiethowever deeplyrootedarebynomeansunconquerable.Mashedfriedboiledandroast ahumbletuberchangedtheworldandfree-tradingglobaliserseverywhereshould celebrateit.FriedrichEngelsdeclaredthatthepotatowastheequalofironforitshistoricallyrevolutionaryrolethenaccordingtothetextwhatdoesthishistoricallyrevolutionaryrolereferto
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Weakdollarorno$46000-theprice forasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvard Yard-is1Butnowadayscostis2 barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidable financial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthem deeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesigned to4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleand evenupper-incomefamiliestoo.Sincethenotherrich Americanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives. YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplanson January14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000a yearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhave topayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8 itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamilies makingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale 9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-and upper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudentto takeout10topayfortheir11a policyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvania justafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmission officialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheor shecan’taffordthefees.Noneofthatisquiteas altruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytolure morestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularly state-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressive admissionsfiguresandreputations.Theschemesalso providea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhigh pricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamilies areless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwill notbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’s state-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstable mightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraise cashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20. IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementa sliding-feescale.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Weakdollarorno$46000-theprice forasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvard Yard-is1Butnowadayscostis2 barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidable financial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthem deeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesigned to4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleand evenupper-incomefamiliestoo.Sincethenotherrich Americanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives. YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplanson January14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000a yearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhave topayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8 itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamilies makingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale 9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-and upper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudentto takeout10topayfortheir11a policyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvania justafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmission officialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheor shecan’taffordthefees.Noneofthatisquiteas altruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytolure morestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularly state-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressive admissionsfiguresandreputations.Theschemesalso providea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhigh pricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamilies areless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwill notbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’s state-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstable mightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraise cashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20. IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementa sliding-feescale.
PartCDirections:Readthefollowing textcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Your translationshouldbewrittenclearly. Itishardtogetagriponfood.TheUN’sWorldHealth Organisationworriesaboutdiminishingsuppliesandincreasedpricesinpoor countries;recentriotsandnear-riotsinHaitiBangladeshandEgyptwere sparkedbythegrowingcostofwheatandrice.ButasPaulRobertsobservesin TheEndofFoodthedevelopedworldhaslivedthroughanearmiraculous periodduringwhichthethingsweateseemedtogrowonlymoreplentifulmore securemorenutritiousandsimplybetter.46．Inthesecondhalfofthe 20thcenturyworldoutputofcornwheatandcerealcropsmorethantripled. Yetthereisnotenoughtofeedtherichtheaspirationalandthepoorinthe world.Agoldenagehasbeentransformedquitesuddenlyintoaglobal crisis.MrRobertsinsiststhatmodernagribusiness isunsustainableandbecomingmoreso.Preciselyatthemomentinhistorywhen weneedtoshiftoursystemoffoodproductionintooverdriveouragricultural engineisbreakingdownhesays.Theindustryhastakencheapoilforgranted. Oilfuelstransportationandfarmmachineryandnaturalgasisthebasisof syntheticnitrogenproductionpriceshavetripledsince2002.Agriculture accountsforthree-quartersoffreshwateruseandwaterisbecomingan increasinglyscarceandexpensiveresource.Climatechangemakessomeold assumptionsaboutfarmingredundant.47．Acombinationofthesefactorshe sayswillultimatelyforceacompleterethinkingofthewaywemakefood. Foryearsgovernmentsubsidieshelddowngrainprices makingfoodcheaper.48．Waterwasalsoplentiful-ittakes1000tonnesof watertoproduceatonneofgrain-andaningeniousprocessknownasHaber-Bosch makessyntheticnitrogenfertilisereasilyavailabletograinfarmers. Ruthlessprice-cuttingatsupermarketsmeans consumershavegrownaccustomedtoeatingtoomuch.In thelate19thcenturyEuropeansalreadythoughtAmericansatethreeorfour timesmorethanwasnecessary.Themostdamagingconsequenceisthatby2000 31%ofAmericanadultswereobesewithanother16%definedasoverweight. Americanairlinesspend$275millionayearmoreonfuelsimplytolift theheavierpassengers.MrRobertsclaimsthateveryyearobesitycauses400000 prematuredeathsinAmerica.Foodhasbecomeasdeadlyastobacco. Afruitfulstartwouldbetohalvethesizeofportions inallAmericanrestaurantsbutmostconsumersarereluctantrethinkers. 49．Eatingorganicproductcouldbeapartialsolutionalthoughone studysuggeststhatthecostofavoidingintensivefarmchemicalswouldmeana 31%increaseinfoodprices.Governmentscientistsbelievethatgenetically modifiedcropsmightbetheonlywayoutofthecrisisbutamajorityof consumersarereluctanttolisten.Isthereamodelfor thefuture50．FashionablyMr.Robertsbelievesthatalocalsystembasedon easilyobtainableseasonalfoodsthatdonotneedtobetransportedhuge distanceswouldformpartofasolution.Theeconomicsandgreeneryofthis arefarfromproven.MrRobertscanfindonlyonecountrythathasmadeserious effortsinthisdirection:Cubahardlyacomfortingexample.Thecomingfood crisiswarnstheauthorisasintractableasglobalwarmingandnoless urgent.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Weakdollarorno$46000-theprice forasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvard Yard-is1Butnowadayscostis2 barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidable financial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthem deeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesigned to4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleand evenupper-incomefamiliestoo.Sincethenotherrich Americanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives. YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplanson January14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000a yearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhave topayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8 itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamilies makingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale 9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-and upper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudentto takeout10topayfortheir11a policyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvania justafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmission officialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheor shecan’taffordthefees.Noneofthatisquiteas altruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytolure morestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularly state-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressive admissionsfiguresandreputations.Theschemesalso providea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhigh pricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamilies areless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwill notbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’s state-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstable mightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraise cashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20. IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementa sliding-feescale.
Text2 Twenty-sevenyearsagoEgyptrevised itssecularconstitutiontoenshrineMuslimshariaastheprincipalsourceof legislation.Tomostcitizensmostofthetimethatseeming contradiction-betweensecularismandreligion-hasnotmademuchdifference.Nine intenEgyptiansareSunniMuslimsandexpectIslamtogovernsuchthingsas marriagedivorceandinheritance.NearlyalltherestprofessChristianityor JudaismfaithsrecognisedandprotectedinIslam.Buttothesmallminoritywho embraceotherfaithsorwhohavetriedtoleaveIslamithasuntillately madeanincreasinglytroublingdifference.Membersof Egypt’s2000-strongBahaicommunityforinstancehavefoundtheycannotstate theirreligiononthenationalidentitycardsthatallEgyptiansareobligedto producetosecuresuchthingsasdriver’slicensesbankaccountssocial insuranceandstateschooling.HundredsofCopticChristianswhohaveconverted toIslamoftentoescapetheOrthodoxsect’sbanondivorcefindtheycannot reverttotheiroriginalfaith.InsomecaseschildrenraisedasChristians havediscoveredthatbecauseadivorcedparentconvertedtoIslamtheytoo havebecomeofficiallyMuslimandcannotclaimotherwise. Suchrestrictionsonreligiousfreedomarenotdirectlyaproductof shariasayhuman-rightscampaignersbutratherofrigidinterpretationsof Islamiclawbyover-zealousofficials.IntheirstrictviewBahaibeliefcannot berecognisedasalegitimatefaithsinceitaroseinthe19thcenturylong afterIslamstakeditsclaimtobethefinalrevelationinachainofprophecies beginningwithAdam.LikewisetheybrandanyattempttoleaveIslamwhatever thecircumstancesasaformofapostasypunishablebydeath. Butsuchviewshavelatelybeenchallenged.LastyearAliGomaatheGrand Muftiwhoisthegovernment’shighestreligiousadviserdeclaredthatnowhere inIslam’ssacredtextsdiditsaythatapostasyneedbepunishedinthepresent ratherthanbyGodintheafterlife.InthepastmonthEgyptiancourtshave issuedtworulingsthatwhilerestrictedinscopeshouldeasesomebothersome strictures.Bahaismaynowleavethespaceforreligion ontheiridentitycardsblank.TwelveformerChristianswonalawsuitandmay nowreturntotheiroriginalfaithonconditionthattheiridentitydocuments notetheirpreviousadherencetoIslam.Smallsteps perhapsbuttheypointthewaytowardsfreedomofchoiceandcitizenshipbased onequalrightsratherthanmembershipofaprivilegedreligion. Whatprogresshasnowbeenmadetowardreligiousfreedom
Text3 RememberSecondLifethevirtualworldthat wassupposedtobecomealmostasimportantasthefirstoneNowpopulatedbyno morethan84000avatarsatatimeithasturnedouttobeaprimeexampleof howshort-livedInternetfadscanbe.Yetifmanyadultsseemtohavegivenup onvirtualworldsthosethatcatertochildrenandteenagersarethriving. Severalhaveevenfoundawaytomakemoney.InAmerica nearly10millionchildrenandteenagersvisitvirtualworldsregularly estimateseMarketeramarketresearcher-anumberthefirmexpectstoincrease to15millionby2013．AsinJanuarytherewere112virtualworldsdesignedfor under-18swithanother81indevelopmentaccordingtoEngageDigitalMediaa marketresearchfirm.Allcatertodifferentagegroups andtastes.InClubPenguinthemarketleaderwhichwasboughtbyDisneyin 2007forawhopping$700millionprimary-schoolchildrencantakeonapenguin personafitouttheirowniglooandplaygames.HabboHotelaservicerunfrom Finlandisaglobalhangoutforteenagerswhowanttocustomisetheirownrooms andmeetinpublicplacestoattendevents.GalaOnlinebasedinSilicon Valleyofferssimilaractivitiesbutisvisitedmostlybyolderteenswhoare intoMangacomics.Notahitwithadvertisersthese onlineworldsearnmostoftheirmoneyfromthesaleofvirtualgoodssuchas itemstospruceupanavataroraprivateroom.Theyarepaidforinaprivate currencywhichmembersearnbyparticipatinginvariousactivitiestrading itemsorbuyingthemwithrealdollars.Thissortof stealthtaxseemstowork.AtGalaOnlineusersspendmorethan$1millionper monthonvirtualitemssaysCraigShermanthefirm’schiefexecutive.Running suchavirtualeconomyisnoteasywhichiswhyGaiahashiredafull-time economisttograpplewithproblemsthatarewellknownintherealworldsuch asinflationandanunequaldistributionofwealth.There areotherbarriersthatcouldlimitthegrowthofvirtualworldsfortheyoung butthemainoneisparents.Manydonotwanttheiroffspringroamingvirtual worldseitherbecausetheyaretoocommercialorarethoughttobetoo dangerous.Keepingthemsafeisoneofthebiggestrunningcostsbecausetheir sponsorshavetoemployrealpeopletopolicetheirrealms. YoungstersarealsoaficklebunchsaysSimonLeveneofAccelPartnersa venture-capitalfirm.Justaschildrenmovefromonetoytoanotherthey readilyswitchworldsorsocialnetworksoftenwithoutsayinggoodbye. EvensoDebraAhoWilliamsonananalystateMarketer believestheseworldsareatraininggroundforthethree-dimensionalweb.If virtualworldsforadultswhichsofarhavebeenabletoretainonlyhardcore usersmanagetohangonforafewyearstheymayyethaveasecondlife. WhichofthefollowingmayNOTbethebarrierstolimitthegrowthofvirtualworlds
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