首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
热门试题
更多
Thepointoftherestorationistcritiqueofpreservationismistheclaimthatitrestsonanunhealthydualismthatconceivesnatureandhumankindasradicallydistinctandopposedtoeachother.Dissatisfactionwithdualismhasforsometimefiguredprominentlyintheunhappinessofenvironmentalistswithmainstreamindustrialsociety.Howeverthewritingsoftherestorationiststhemselves―particularlyWilliamJordanandFrederickTurner―offerlittleevidencetosupportthisaccusation.Intheirviewpreservationistsarefilledwiththesamebasicmind-setastheindustrialmainstreamtheonlydifferencebeingthatthelatterrankshumansovernaturewhiletheformerelevatesnatureoverhumans.WhileitisperhapspuzzlingthatJordanandTurnerdonotseethatthereisnologicthatrequiresdualismasaphilosophicalbasisforpreservationmorepuzzlingisthesharpnessandruthlessnessoftheirattackonpreservationistsreinforcedbythefactthattheyofferlittleifanycriticismofthosewhohaverobbedthenaturalworld. Thecrucialquestionhoweverabouttherestorationistoutlookhastodowiththedegreetowhichtherestorationistprogramisitselffaithfultothefirstprincipleofrestoration:thatnatureandhumanityarefundamentallyunitedratherthanseparate.Rejectingtheolddominationmodelwhichseeshumansasovernaturerestorationtheorysupportsamodelofcommunityparticipation.YetsomeofthedescriptionsthatJordanandTurnergiveofwhatrestorationistsareactuallyupto--forexampleTurner’’sdescriptionofhumansasthelordsofcreationorJordan’’sstatementthatthefateandwellbeingofthebiospheredependultimatelyonusandourrelationshipwithit--arenotconsistentwellwiththecommunity-participationmodel. Anotherholisticmodel―namelythatofnatureasanorganism―mightbemoreserviceabletotherestorationists.Aswiththecommunitymodeltheorganicmodelpicturesnatureasasystemofinterconnectedparts.Afundamentaldifferencehoweveristhatinanorganismthepartsarewhollyusefultothelifeoftheorganism.IfwecouldthinkofthebiosphereasasinglelivingorganismandcouldidentifyhumanswiththebrainortheDNAorcontrolcenterwewouldhaveamodelthatmorecloselyfitstherestorationists’’view. Howevertoconsiderhumansasthecontrolcenterofthelivingearthistoattributetothemadominatingroleinnature.Isthissignificantlydifferentfromtheold-fashioneddominationmodelInbothsystemshumansholdtheplaceofhighestauthorityandpowerintheworld.Alsoneitherviewrecognizesanylimitstothescopeandrangeofreasonablehumanmanipulationintheworld.Thisdoesnotmeanthattherearenorestrictionsonlybeneficialmanipulationshouldbeundertaken.Butitdoesnotmeanthatnothingisoff-limits.Afurtherparallelisthatbecausethefateoftheworldrestsonhumanstheymusthaveaclearideaofwhatneedstobedone.Therearealsoimportantdifferencesbetweenthetwotheories.Forexamplerestorationistsnolongerviewtheworldintheolddominationistwayasapassiveobject.Andthoughbothassigntohumansacontrollingroleintheworlddominationistsconceivethisintermsofconquestwhilerestorationistsconceiveitintermsofhealing.Alsorestorationistsinsistthattheideaswhichmustservetoguideourworkintheworldaredrawnnotsolelyfromaconsiderationofhumanneedsandpurposesbutfromanunderstandingofthebiosphere;asaresulttheyaremoreconsciousthandominationistsofourcapacitytohumannature. Theauthor’’sprimarycriticismoftherestorationistsisthat
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Egyptianwinehasanextensivehistory withinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1 tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare 2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3 theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknown isthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthe first6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasused extensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwinein Egypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintemple ceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sand other9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwere quitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10 viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11an exclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwith simplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12founda waytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushes andfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthe vines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwine pressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation 15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesand materials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspoured throughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17 theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18 .TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand 19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20 withit’sownvintageandquality.
Directions: A.Title:RoleOfMassMediainShapingOurView B.TimeLimit:40minutes C.Wordlimit:about200words D.YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelow: 1therolemassmedia; 2yourexplanation; 3youropinion.
Text2 Largemultinationalcorporationsmay bethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.Buttoafargreater extentthanmostAmericansrealizetheeconomy’svitalitydependsonthe fortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurantsneighborhoodservicesandfactories. Smallbusinessesdefinedasthosewithfewerthan100workersnowemploy nearly60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehalfofailnew jobsbetweennowandtheyear2000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopened theirdoorsoverthepastsixyearsofeconomicgrowthand1989willseean additional200000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown.Too manyofthesepioneershoweverwillblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswill overestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition. Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimateoftenfatallythecapitalthatsuccess requires.Midcareerexecutivesforcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquit thecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselvesmaysavortheidea ofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalsoatleast forawhilebebookkeeperandreceptionisttoo.AccordingtoSmallBusiness Administrationdata24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelyto havedisappearedintwoyearsand27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryears fromnow.By1995morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anew studyof3000smallbusinessessponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNational FederationofIndependentBusinesssuggestsslightlybetterodds:Threeyears afterstart-up77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.Most creditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalready werecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorservice intheirlastjobs.Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethe launchisobviouslycritical.Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm’s healthinitsinfancymaybelittleindicationofhowwellitwillage.Youmast tenderlymonitoritspulse.Intheirzealtoexpandsmall-businessownersoften ignoreearlywarningsignsofastagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability. Theyhopefullypourmoreandmoremoneyintotheenterprisepreferringnotto acknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeanthemarketfortheir ingeniousserviceorproducthasevaporatedorthattheymustcutthepayroll orvacatetheirlavishoffices.Onlywhenthefinancialwellrunsdrydothey seetheseriousnessoftheillnessandbythenthepatientisusuallytoofar gonetosave.Frequentchecksofyourfirm’svitalsignswill alsoguideyoutoasensiblerateofgrowth.Tosnatchopportunityyoumust spotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquernewmarketsaddproductsorperhaps franchiseyourhotidea.Accordingtothetextthemaindifferencebetweenamultinationalcorporationandasmallbusinessliesin
Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadings andatextaboutthedevelopmentofmaritimelaws.Choosethemostsuitable headingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstand lastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhich youdonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational[B]Theconvention havingbeenrevisedthreetimes[C]Whyisunificationofmaritimelaw necessary[D]Theconventionwiththemostsignaturestates.[E] Incompatibletimescale[F]ThesalvageconventionAccording toConstitution:TheComiteMaritimeInternationalCMIisanon-governmental internationalorganizationtheobjectofwhichistocontributebyall appropriatemeansandactivitiestotheunificationofmaritimelawinallits aspects.Tothisenditshallpromotetheestablishmentofnationalassociations ofmaritimelawandshallco-operatewithotherinternationalorganizations. TheCMIhasbeendoingjustthatsince1897.41______Inan addresstotheUniversityofTurinin1860theJuristMancinisaid:Thesea withitswindsitsstormsanditsdangersneverchangesandthisdemandsa necessaryuniformityofjuridicalregime.Inotherwordsthoseinvolvedinthe worldofmaritimetradeneedtoknowthatwherevertheytradetheapplicablelaw willbyandlargebethesame.Traditionallyuniformityisachievedbymeans ofinternationalconventionsorotherformsofagreementnegotiatedbetween governmentsandenforceddomesticallybythosesame governments.42______Itistemptingtomeasurethe successofaconventiononastrictlynumericalbasis.Ifthatistheproper criterionofsuccessonecouldsaythatoneofthemostsuccessfulconventions everproducedwastheveryfirstCMIconvention--theCollisionConventionof 1910.ThetermsofthisconventionwereagreedonSeptember231910andthe conventionenteredintoforcelessthanthreeyearslateronMarch1 1913.43______Almostassuccessfulinnumerical termsisaconventionofsimilarvintagenamelytheSalvageConventionof 1910.Lessthanthreeyearselapsedbetweenagreementofthetextatthe BrusselsDiplomaticConferenceandentryintoforceonMarch11913.weare quiteproperlystartingtoseeanumberofdenunciationsofthisconventionas countriesadoptthenewsalvageConventionof1989.Itisworthrecordingthat theSalvageConventionof1989designedtoreplacethe1910Conventiondidnot enterintoforceuntilJuly1996morethansevenyearsafteragreement.The latestinformationavailableisthatfortyStateshavenowratifiedoracceded tothe1989convention.44______Thetextofthefirst LimitationConventionwasagreedattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceinAugust 1924butdidnotenterintoforceuntil1931-sevenyearsafterthetexthad beenagreed.Thisconventionwasnotwidelysupportedandeventuallyattracted onlyfifteenratificationsoraccessions.TheCMIhadasecondgoatlimitation withits1957ConventionthetextofwhichwasagreedinOctoberofthatyear. ItenteredintoforceinMay1968andhasbeenratifiedoraccededtoby fifty-onestatesthoughofcourseanumberhavesubsequentlydenounced thisconventioninordertoembracethethirdCMILimitationConventionthatof 1976.Atthelatestcountthe76Conventionhasbeenratifiedoraccededtoby thirtysevenstates.Thefourthinstrumentonlimitationnamelythe1996 Protocolhasnotyetcomeintoforcedespitethepassageofsixyearssince theDiplomaticConferenceatWhichthetextofthewas agreed.45______Byalmostanystandardofmeasurement themostsuccessfulmaritimelawconventionofalltime:theCivilLiability Conventionof1969.ThetextofthatconventiontowhichtheCMIcontributed bothinbackgroundresearchanddraftingwasagreedataDiplomaticConference in1969anditenteredintoforcesixyearslaterinJune1975.The conventionhasatvariousstagesbeenaccededtoorratifiedby103states withtwoadditionalprovisionalratifications.Ifweaddtothisthevarious statesanddependenciesthatcomeinundertheUKumbrellawerealizethatwe arelookingatahugelysuccessfulconvention.Conventionsand otherunifyinginstrumentsareborninadversity.Anareaoflawmaycomeunder reviewbecauseoneortwo’stateshavebeenconfrontedbyamaritimelegal problemthathasaffectedthemdirectly.Thosesponsoringstatesmaywellspend sometimereviewingtheproblemandproducingthefirstdraftofaninstrument. EventuallythisdraftmaybeofferedtotheInternationalMaritime Organisation’sIMOLegalCommitteeforinclusioninitsworkprogram.Over ensuingyearstheLegalCommitteemeetingeverysicmonthsorsoissues presentedbythedraftwillbedebatednewissueswillberaisedandthe instrumentwillbeendlesslyre-drafted.Atsomestagetheviewwillbe takenthattheinstrumentissufficientlymaturetowarrantaDiplomatic Conferenceatwhichthetextwillbefinalized.Iftheinstrumentisapprovedat theDiplomaticConferenceitwillsitfortwelvemonthsawaitingsignatureand thenbeopentoratificationandaccession.Theinstrumentwillcontainanentry intoforcerequirementwhichwillneedtobesatisfied.
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatly onANSWERSHEET2. Languageswillcontinuetodiverge.EvenifEnglishwereto becometheuniversallanguageitwouldstilltakemanydifferentforms.46 IndeedthesamecouldhappentoEnglishashashappenedtoChinese:a languageofintellectualswhichdoesn’tvaryhugelyalongsidealargenumberof variantsusedbylocalpeoples.Wewillcontinuetoteach otherlanguagesinsomeformandnotjustforreasonsofpracticality. Learningalanguageisgoodforyourmentalhealth;itforcesyouto understandanotherculturalandintellectualsystem.SoIhopeBritisheducation willdevelopamorerationalapproachtotheforeignlanguagesavailableto studentsinlinewiththeirpoliticalimportance.Becausesomanypeoplebelieve it’snolongerimportanttoknowanotherlanguageIfearthattimedevotedto languageteachinginschoolsmaywellcontinuetodecline.47Butyoucan arguethatlearninganotherlanguagewellismoretaxingthansaylearningto playchesswell—itinvolvessensitivitytoasetofcomplicatedrulesandalso tocontext.Technologywillcertainlymakeadifferenceto theuseofforeignlanguages.48Computersmayforinstancealleviatethe drudgerythatavasttranslationrepresents.Butnoonewhohasseena computertranslationwillthinkitcansubstituteforliveknowledgeofthe differentlanguages.Amachinewillalwaysbebehindthetimes.49Still moreimportantisthefactthatnocomputerwillevergetattheassociations beyondthewordsassociationsthatmaynotbeexpressedbutwhichcarrymuchof themeaning.InlanguageslikeArabicthatcontextisveryimportant. Languagescomewithheavyculturalbaggagetoo--inFrenchorGermanifyoumiss theculturalreferencesbehindawordyou’reverylikelytobemissingthe meaning.Itwillbeveryhardtoteachallthattoacomputer. 50AllthepredictionsarethatEnglishwillbespokenbyadeclining proportionoftheworld’spopulationinthe21stcentury.Idon’tthink foreignlanguageswillreallybecomelessimportantbuttheymightbeperceived tobe—andthatwouldintheendbeaverybadthing.
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatly onANSWERSHEET2. Languageswillcontinuetodiverge.EvenifEnglishwereto becometheuniversallanguageitwouldstilltakemanydifferentforms.46 IndeedthesamecouldhappentoEnglishashashappenedtoChinese:a languageofintellectualswhichdoesn’tvaryhugelyalongsidealargenumberof variantsusedbylocalpeoples.Wewillcontinuetoteach otherlanguagesinsomeformandnotjustforreasonsofpracticality. Learningalanguageisgoodforyourmentalhealth;itforcesyouto understandanotherculturalandintellectualsystem.SoIhopeBritisheducation willdevelopamorerationalapproachtotheforeignlanguagesavailableto studentsinlinewiththeirpoliticalimportance.Becausesomanypeoplebelieve it’snolongerimportanttoknowanotherlanguageIfearthattimedevotedto languageteachinginschoolsmaywellcontinuetodecline.47Butyoucan arguethatlearninganotherlanguagewellismoretaxingthansaylearningto playchesswell—itinvolvessensitivitytoasetofcomplicatedrulesandalso tocontext.Technologywillcertainlymakeadifferenceto theuseofforeignlanguages.48Computersmayforinstancealleviatethe drudgerythatavasttranslationrepresents.Butnoonewhohasseena computertranslationwillthinkitcansubstituteforliveknowledgeofthe differentlanguages.Amachinewillalwaysbebehindthetimes.49Still moreimportantisthefactthatnocomputerwillevergetattheassociations beyondthewordsassociationsthatmaynotbeexpressedbutwhichcarrymuchof themeaning.InlanguageslikeArabicthatcontextisveryimportant. Languagescomewithheavyculturalbaggagetoo--inFrenchorGermanifyoumiss theculturalreferencesbehindawordyou’reverylikelytobemissingthe meaning.Itwillbeveryhardtoteachallthattoacomputer. 50AllthepredictionsarethatEnglishwillbespokenbyadeclining proportionoftheworld’spopulationinthe21stcentury.Idon’tthink foreignlanguageswillreallybecomelessimportantbuttheymightbeperceived tobe—andthatwouldintheendbeaverybadthing.
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatly onANSWERSHEET2. Languageswillcontinuetodiverge.EvenifEnglishwereto becometheuniversallanguageitwouldstilltakemanydifferentforms.46 IndeedthesamecouldhappentoEnglishashashappenedtoChinese:a languageofintellectualswhichdoesn’tvaryhugelyalongsidealargenumberof variantsusedbylocalpeoples.Wewillcontinuetoteach otherlanguagesinsomeformandnotjustforreasonsofpracticality. Learningalanguageisgoodforyourmentalhealth;itforcesyouto understandanotherculturalandintellectualsystem.SoIhopeBritisheducation willdevelopamorerationalapproachtotheforeignlanguagesavailableto studentsinlinewiththeirpoliticalimportance.Becausesomanypeoplebelieve it’snolongerimportanttoknowanotherlanguageIfearthattimedevotedto languageteachinginschoolsmaywellcontinuetodecline.47Butyoucan arguethatlearninganotherlanguagewellismoretaxingthansaylearningto playchesswell—itinvolvessensitivitytoasetofcomplicatedrulesandalso tocontext.Technologywillcertainlymakeadifferenceto theuseofforeignlanguages.48Computersmayforinstancealleviatethe drudgerythatavasttranslationrepresents.Butnoonewhohasseena computertranslationwillthinkitcansubstituteforliveknowledgeofthe differentlanguages.Amachinewillalwaysbebehindthetimes.49Still moreimportantisthefactthatnocomputerwillevergetattheassociations beyondthewordsassociationsthatmaynotbeexpressedbutwhichcarrymuchof themeaning.InlanguageslikeArabicthatcontextisveryimportant. Languagescomewithheavyculturalbaggagetoo--inFrenchorGermanifyoumiss theculturalreferencesbehindawordyou’reverylikelytobemissingthe meaning.Itwillbeveryhardtoteachallthattoacomputer. 50AllthepredictionsarethatEnglishwillbespokenbyadeclining proportionoftheworld’spopulationinthe21stcentury.Idon’tthink foreignlanguageswillreallybecomelessimportantbuttheymightbeperceived tobe—andthatwouldintheendbeaverybadthing.
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
Text4 Inthedimlylitcyber-cafeat Sciences-Pohot-houseoftheFrenchelitenoGauloisesmokefillstheairno dog-earedcopiesofSartrelieonthetables.Frenchstudentsaredoingwhatall studentsdo:surfingthewebviaGoogle.NowPresidentJacquesChiracwantsto stopthisAmericanculturalinvasionbysettinguparivalFrenchsearch-engine. TheideawaspromptedbyGoogle’splantoputonlinemillionsoftextsfrom AmericanandBritishuniversitylibraries.IfEnglishbooksare threateningtoswampcyberspaceMrChiracwillnotstandidlyby. HeaskedhiscultureministerRenaudDonnedieudeVabresandJean-Noel JeanneneyheadofFrance’sBibliothèqueNationaletodothesameforFrench texts—andcreateahome-grownsearch-enginetobrowsethem.WhynotletGoogle dothejobItsFrenchversionisusedfor74%ofinternetsearchesinFrance. Theansweristhevulgarcriteriaitusestorankresults.Idonotbelieve wroteMrDonnedieudeVabresinLeMondethattheonlykeytoaccessour cultureshouldbetheautomaticrankingbypopularitywhichhasbeenbehind Google’ssuccess.ThisisnotthefirsttimeGooglehasmet Frenchresistance.Acourthasupheldarulingagainstitinalawsuitbrought bytwofirmsthatclaimeditsdisplayofrivalsponsoredlinksGoogle’schief sourceofrevenuesconstitutedtrademarkcounterfeiting.TheFrenchstatenews agencyAgenceFrance-PressehasalsofiledsuitagainstGoogleforcopyright infringement.Googlephobiaisspreading.MrJeanneneyhastalked oftheriskofcrushingdominationbyAmericaindefiningtheviewthatfuture generationshaveoftheworld.IhavenothinginparticularagainstGoogle hetoldL’Expressamagazine.Isimplynotethatthiscommercialcompanyis theexpressionoftheAmericansysteminwhichthelawofthemarketisking. Advertisingmuscleandconsumerdemandshouldnottriumphovergoodtasteand culturalsophistication.TheflawsintheFrenchplanare obvious.IfpopularitycannotarbitratewhatwillMrJeanneneywantsa committeeofexperts.Heappearstobeseriousthoughthesupplyof French-speakingexpertsorexpertsspeakinganylanguageforthatmatterwould seemtobeinsufficient.Andifadvertisingisnottopaywillthetaxpayer TheplanmirrorsanotherofMrChirac’spetprojects:aCNNàlafrancaise.Over ayearagostungbythepowerofEnglishspeakingtelevisionnewschannelsin theIraqwarMrChiracpromisedtosetupaFrenchrivalbytheendof2004. Theprojectisboggeddownbyinfighting.France’sdesireto combatEnglishonthewebortheairwavesisunderstandable.Protecting France’stonguefromitscitizens’inclinationtoadoptEnglishwordsisan ancienthobbyoftherulingelite.TheAcadémieFrancaisewassetupin1635to thatend.Linguistsdevisetranslationsofcyber-termssuchasarrosagespare orboguebug.LawslimittheuseofEnglishonTV—SuperNannyandStar Academyarecurrentpests—andimposetranslationsofEnglishslogansin advertising.TreatingtheinvasionofEnglishasamarketfailurethatmustbe correctedbythestatemaylookclumsy.InFranceitisjustbusinessas usual.PresidentJacquesChiracwantstosetupaFrenchsearchengineto
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Egyptianwinehasanextensivehistory withinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1 tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare 2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3 theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknown isthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthe first6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasused extensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwinein Egypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintemple ceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sand other9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwere quitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10 viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11an exclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwith simplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12founda waytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushes andfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthe vines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwine pressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation 15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesand materials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspoured throughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17 theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18 .TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand 19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20 withit’sownvintageandquality.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Egyptianwinehasanextensivehistory withinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1 tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare 2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3 theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknown isthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthe first6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasused extensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwinein Egypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintemple ceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sand other9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwere quitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10 viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11an exclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwith simplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12founda waytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushes andfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthe vines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwine pressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation 15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesand materials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspoured throughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17 theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18 .TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand 19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20 withit’sownvintageandquality.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Egyptianwinehasanextensivehistory withinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1 tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare 2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3 theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknown isthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthe first6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasused extensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwinein Egypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintemple ceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sand other9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwere quitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10 viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11an exclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwith simplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12founda waytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushes andfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthe vines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwine pressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation 15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesand materials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspoured throughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17 theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18 .TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand 19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20 withit’sownvintageandquality.
Text2 Largemultinationalcorporationsmay bethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.Buttoafargreater extentthanmostAmericansrealizetheeconomy’svitalitydependsonthe fortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurantsneighborhoodservicesandfactories. Smallbusinessesdefinedasthosewithfewerthan100workersnowemploy nearly60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehalfofailnew jobsbetweennowandtheyear2000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopened theirdoorsoverthepastsixyearsofeconomicgrowthand1989willseean additional200000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown.Too manyofthesepioneershoweverwillblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswill overestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition. Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimateoftenfatallythecapitalthatsuccess requires.Midcareerexecutivesforcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquit thecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselvesmaysavortheidea ofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalsoatleast forawhilebebookkeeperandreceptionisttoo.AccordingtoSmallBusiness Administrationdata24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelyto havedisappearedintwoyearsand27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryears fromnow.By1995morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anew studyof3000smallbusinessessponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNational FederationofIndependentBusinesssuggestsslightlybetterodds:Threeyears afterstart-up77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.Most creditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalready werecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorservice intheirlastjobs.Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethe launchisobviouslycritical.Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm’s healthinitsinfancymaybelittleindicationofhowwellitwillage.Youmast tenderlymonitoritspulse.Intheirzealtoexpandsmall-businessownersoften ignoreearlywarningsignsofastagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability. Theyhopefullypourmoreandmoremoneyintotheenterprisepreferringnotto acknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeanthemarketfortheir ingeniousserviceorproducthasevaporatedorthattheymustcutthepayroll orvacatetheirlavishoffices.Onlywhenthefinancialwellrunsdrydothey seetheseriousnessoftheillnessandbythenthepatientisusuallytoofar gonetosave.Frequentchecksofyourfirm’svitalsignswill alsoguideyoutoasensiblerateofgrowth.Tosnatchopportunityyoumust spotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquernewmarketsaddproductsorperhaps franchiseyourhotidea.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthedevelopmentofsmallbusinessesis
Text2 Largemultinationalcorporationsmay bethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.Buttoafargreater extentthanmostAmericansrealizetheeconomy’svitalitydependsonthe fortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurantsneighborhoodservicesandfactories. Smallbusinessesdefinedasthosewithfewerthan100workersnowemploy nearly60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehalfofailnew jobsbetweennowandtheyear2000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopened theirdoorsoverthepastsixyearsofeconomicgrowthand1989willseean additional200000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown.Too manyofthesepioneershoweverwillblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswill overestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition. Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimateoftenfatallythecapitalthatsuccess requires.Midcareerexecutivesforcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquit thecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselvesmaysavortheidea ofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalsoatleast forawhilebebookkeeperandreceptionisttoo.AccordingtoSmallBusiness Administrationdata24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelyto havedisappearedintwoyearsand27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryears fromnow.By1995morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anew studyof3000smallbusinessessponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNational FederationofIndependentBusinesssuggestsslightlybetterodds:Threeyears afterstart-up77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.Most creditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalready werecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorservice intheirlastjobs.Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethe launchisobviouslycritical.Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm’s healthinitsinfancymaybelittleindicationofhowwellitwillage.Youmast tenderlymonitoritspulse.Intheirzealtoexpandsmall-businessownersoften ignoreearlywarningsignsofastagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability. Theyhopefullypourmoreandmoremoneyintotheenterprisepreferringnotto acknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeanthemarketfortheir ingeniousserviceorproducthasevaporatedorthattheymustcutthepayroll orvacatetheirlavishoffices.Onlywhenthefinancialwellrunsdrydothey seetheseriousnessoftheillnessandbythenthepatientisusuallytoofar gonetosave.Frequentchecksofyourfirm’svitalsignswill alsoguideyoutoasensiblerateofgrowth.Tosnatchopportunityyoumust spotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquernewmarketsaddproductsorperhaps franchiseyourhotidea.Whenopeningsmallbusinessesthemostimportantthingforsmall-businessownerstodois
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects. Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
Text4 Inthedimlylitcyber-cafeat Sciences-Pohot-houseoftheFrenchelitenoGauloisesmokefillstheairno dog-earedcopiesofSartrelieonthetables.Frenchstudentsaredoingwhatall studentsdo:surfingthewebviaGoogle.NowPresidentJacquesChiracwantsto stopthisAmericanculturalinvasionbysettinguparivalFrenchsearch-engine. TheideawaspromptedbyGoogle’splantoputonlinemillionsoftextsfrom AmericanandBritishuniversitylibraries.IfEnglishbooksare threateningtoswampcyberspaceMrChiracwillnotstandidlyby. HeaskedhiscultureministerRenaudDonnedieudeVabresandJean-Noel JeanneneyheadofFrance’sBibliothèqueNationaletodothesameforFrench texts—andcreateahome-grownsearch-enginetobrowsethem.WhynotletGoogle dothejobItsFrenchversionisusedfor74%ofinternetsearchesinFrance. Theansweristhevulgarcriteriaitusestorankresults.Idonotbelieve wroteMrDonnedieudeVabresinLeMondethattheonlykeytoaccessour cultureshouldbetheautomaticrankingbypopularitywhichhasbeenbehind Google’ssuccess.ThisisnotthefirsttimeGooglehasmet Frenchresistance.Acourthasupheldarulingagainstitinalawsuitbrought bytwofirmsthatclaimeditsdisplayofrivalsponsoredlinksGoogle’schief sourceofrevenuesconstitutedtrademarkcounterfeiting.TheFrenchstatenews agencyAgenceFrance-PressehasalsofiledsuitagainstGoogleforcopyright infringement.Googlephobiaisspreading.MrJeanneneyhastalked oftheriskofcrushingdominationbyAmericaindefiningtheviewthatfuture generationshaveoftheworld.IhavenothinginparticularagainstGoogle hetoldL’Expressamagazine.Isimplynotethatthiscommercialcompanyis theexpressionoftheAmericansysteminwhichthelawofthemarketisking. Advertisingmuscleandconsumerdemandshouldnottriumphovergoodtasteand culturalsophistication.TheflawsintheFrenchplanare obvious.IfpopularitycannotarbitratewhatwillMrJeanneneywantsa committeeofexperts.Heappearstobeseriousthoughthesupplyof French-speakingexpertsorexpertsspeakinganylanguageforthatmatterwould seemtobeinsufficient.Andifadvertisingisnottopaywillthetaxpayer TheplanmirrorsanotherofMrChirac’spetprojects:aCNNàlafrancaise.Over ayearagostungbythepowerofEnglishspeakingtelevisionnewschannelsin theIraqwarMrChiracpromisedtosetupaFrenchrivalbytheendof2004. Theprojectisboggeddownbyinfighting.France’sdesireto combatEnglishonthewebortheairwavesisunderstandable.Protecting France’stonguefromitscitizens’inclinationtoadoptEnglishwordsisan ancienthobbyoftherulingelite.TheAcadémieFrancaisewassetupin1635to thatend.Linguistsdevisetranslationsofcyber-termssuchasarrosagespare orboguebug.LawslimittheuseofEnglishonTV—SuperNannyandStar Academyarecurrentpests—andimposetranslationsofEnglishslogansin advertising.TreatingtheinvasionofEnglishasamarketfailurethatmustbe correctedbythestatemaylookclumsy.InFranceitisjustbusinessas usual.TherealconflictbehindFrenchresistancetoGoogleisactuallytheonebetween
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Egyptianwinehasanextensivehistory withinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1 tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare 2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3 theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknown isthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthe first6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasused extensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwinein Egypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintemple ceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sand other9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwere quitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10 viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11an exclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwith simplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12founda waytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushes andfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthe vines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwine pressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation 15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesand materials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspoured throughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17 theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18 .TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand 19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20 withit’sownvintageandquality.
Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadings andatextaboutthedevelopmentofmaritimelaws.Choosethemostsuitable headingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstand lastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhich youdonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational[B]Theconvention havingbeenrevisedthreetimes[C]Whyisunificationofmaritimelaw necessary[D]Theconventionwiththemostsignaturestates.[E] Incompatibletimescale[F]ThesalvageconventionAccording toConstitution:TheComiteMaritimeInternationalCMIisanon-governmental internationalorganizationtheobjectofwhichistocontributebyall appropriatemeansandactivitiestotheunificationofmaritimelawinallits aspects.Tothisenditshallpromotetheestablishmentofnationalassociations ofmaritimelawandshallco-operatewithotherinternationalorganizations. TheCMIhasbeendoingjustthatsince1897.41______Inan addresstotheUniversityofTurinin1860theJuristMancinisaid:Thesea withitswindsitsstormsanditsdangersneverchangesandthisdemandsa necessaryuniformityofjuridicalregime.Inotherwordsthoseinvolvedinthe worldofmaritimetradeneedtoknowthatwherevertheytradetheapplicablelaw willbyandlargebethesame.Traditionallyuniformityisachievedbymeans ofinternationalconventionsorotherformsofagreementnegotiatedbetween governmentsandenforceddomesticallybythosesame governments.42______Itistemptingtomeasurethe successofaconventiononastrictlynumericalbasis.Ifthatistheproper criterionofsuccessonecouldsaythatoneofthemostsuccessfulconventions everproducedwastheveryfirstCMIconvention--theCollisionConventionof 1910.ThetermsofthisconventionwereagreedonSeptember231910andthe conventionenteredintoforcelessthanthreeyearslateronMarch1 1913.43______Almostassuccessfulinnumerical termsisaconventionofsimilarvintagenamelytheSalvageConventionof 1910.Lessthanthreeyearselapsedbetweenagreementofthetextatthe BrusselsDiplomaticConferenceandentryintoforceonMarch11913.weare quiteproperlystartingtoseeanumberofdenunciationsofthisconventionas countriesadoptthenewsalvageConventionof1989.Itisworthrecordingthat theSalvageConventionof1989designedtoreplacethe1910Conventiondidnot enterintoforceuntilJuly1996morethansevenyearsafteragreement.The latestinformationavailableisthatfortyStateshavenowratifiedoracceded tothe1989convention.44______Thetextofthefirst LimitationConventionwasagreedattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceinAugust 1924butdidnotenterintoforceuntil1931-sevenyearsafterthetexthad beenagreed.Thisconventionwasnotwidelysupportedandeventuallyattracted onlyfifteenratificationsoraccessions.TheCMIhadasecondgoatlimitation withits1957ConventionthetextofwhichwasagreedinOctoberofthatyear. ItenteredintoforceinMay1968andhasbeenratifiedoraccededtoby fifty-onestatesthoughofcourseanumberhavesubsequentlydenounced thisconventioninordertoembracethethirdCMILimitationConventionthatof 1976.Atthelatestcountthe76Conventionhasbeenratifiedoraccededtoby thirtysevenstates.Thefourthinstrumentonlimitationnamelythe1996 Protocolhasnotyetcomeintoforcedespitethepassageofsixyearssince theDiplomaticConferenceatWhichthetextofthewas agreed.45______Byalmostanystandardofmeasurement themostsuccessfulmaritimelawconventionofalltime:theCivilLiability Conventionof1969.ThetextofthatconventiontowhichtheCMIcontributed bothinbackgroundresearchanddraftingwasagreedataDiplomaticConference in1969anditenteredintoforcesixyearslaterinJune1975.The conventionhasatvariousstagesbeenaccededtoorratifiedby103states withtwoadditionalprovisionalratifications.Ifweaddtothisthevarious statesanddependenciesthatcomeinundertheUKumbrellawerealizethatwe arelookingatahugelysuccessfulconvention.Conventionsand otherunifyinginstrumentsareborninadversity.Anareaoflawmaycomeunder reviewbecauseoneortwo’stateshavebeenconfrontedbyamaritimelegal problemthathasaffectedthemdirectly.Thosesponsoringstatesmaywellspend sometimereviewingtheproblemandproducingthefirstdraftofaninstrument. EventuallythisdraftmaybeofferedtotheInternationalMaritime Organisation’sIMOLegalCommitteeforinclusioninitsworkprogram.Over ensuingyearstheLegalCommitteemeetingeverysicmonthsorsoissues presentedbythedraftwillbedebatednewissueswillberaisedandthe instrumentwillbeendlesslyre-drafted.Atsomestagetheviewwillbe takenthattheinstrumentissufficientlymaturetowarrantaDiplomatic Conferenceatwhichthetextwillbefinalized.Iftheinstrumentisapprovedat theDiplomaticConferenceitwillsitfortwelvemonthsawaitingsignatureand thenbeopentoratificationandaccession.Theinstrumentwillcontainanentry intoforcerequirementwhichwillneedtobesatisfied.
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts. AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswers onANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Aboutthree-quartersofAmericans accordingtosurveysthinkthecountryisonthewrongtrack.Abouttwo-thirds ofthepublicdisapproveofthejobperformanceofPresidentBushandaneven highernumberdisdainCongress.Themediaareexcitedabouttheprospectofa wealthybusinessmanrunningforPresidentasanindependentwhocouldtapinto broadpublicdisgruntlementwiththepartisanpoliticiansin Washington.2007Yes.Butalso1992Themaindifference betweenthetwosituationsisthatMichaelBloombergisricher—andsaner—than RossPerot.Butonesimilaritymightbethis:theAmericanpeoplewerewrong thenandmaybewrongnow.Thewidespreadpessimismintheearly1990saboutthe courseofthecountryturnedouttobeunwarranted.Therestofthedecade featuredimpressiveeconomicgrowthafallingcrimeratesuccessfulreformof thewelfaresystemandareasonablypeacefulworld.Perhapstheproblemsweren’t sobadinthefirstplaceorperhapsthepoliticalsystemproducedpoliticians likeBillClintonRudyGiulianiandNewtGingrichwhowereabletodealwith theproblems.Butinanycasethecountrygotbackoncourse.That’snotto sayallwaswellinthe1990sespeciallyinforeignpolicy.Responsibilitiesin placesrangingfromBosniatoRwandatoAfghanistanwereshirkedandgathering dangersweren’tdealtwith.Stillthesourcomplaintsanddirepredictionsof 1992—ohmyGodthebudgetdeficitwilldousin!—werequicklyovertaken byevents.What’smorethefearofmanyconservativesthatwemightbeatthe mercyofunstoppableforcesofsocialdisintegrationturnedouttobewrong. Indeedthedirepredictionswererenderedobsoletesoquicklythatonewonders whetherwewerein1992reallyjustindulginginsomekindofpost-cold-war victory.Sometimesthepublicmoodis...wellmoody.Today we’remoodyagain.Weareobviouslyfightingadifficultanduntilrecently badlymanagedwarinIraqwhoseoutcomeisuncertain.Thisaccountsformuchof thepessimism.Italsodoesn’thelpthatthepoliticalsystemseemsincapableof dealingwithbigproblemslikeimmigrationanenergypolicyandhealthcare. Stillisthegeneralfeelingthateverythingisgoingtothedogsanymore justifiedtodaythanitwas15yearsagoNotreally.Thinkof itthisway:Haveeventsingeneralgonebetterorworsethanmostpeoplewould havepredictedonSept.1220017There’sbeennosuccessfulsecondattackhere intheU.S.—andverylimitedterroristsuccessesinEuropeoreveninthe MiddleEast.We’vehad51/2yearsofrobusteconomicgrowthlowunemployment andastock-marketrecovery.SocialindicatorsintheU.S.aremostly stableorimproving—abortionsteenagebirthsandteenagedrugusearedownand educationscoresareupabit.AsforAmericanforeignpolicy since9/11ithasnotproducedtheresultssomeofushopedforandthereare manylegitimatecriticismsoftheBushAdministration’sperformance.But infactdespitethegloomanddoomfromcriticsleftandrightincluding occasionallymetheworldseemstopresenttheusualmixedbagofdifficult problemsandhearteningdevelopments.Thekeyquestionof courseisthefateofIraq.Adecentoutcome—thedefeatofalQaedainwhatit hasmadethecentralfrontinthewaronterrorismandenoughsecuritysothere canbepeacefulrulebyarepresentativeregime—seemstomeachievableifwe don’tloseournervehereathome.WithsuccessinIraqprogresselsewherein theMiddleEastwillbeeasier.Thebalancesheetisuncertain.Butitisbyno meansnecessarilygrim.TheauthorseemstobelievethattheUSwillhavepositiveoutcomesinIraqif
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Egyptianwinehasanextensivehistory withinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1 tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare 2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3 theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknown isthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthe first6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasused extensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwinein Egypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintemple ceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sand other9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwere quitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10 viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11an exclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwith simplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12founda waytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushes andfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthe vines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwine pressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation 15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesand materials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspoured throughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17 theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18 .TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand 19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20 withit’sownvintageandquality.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Egyptianwinehasanextensivehistory withinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1 tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare 2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3 theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknown isthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthe first6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasused extensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwinein Egypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintemple ceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sand other9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwere quitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10 viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11an exclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwith simplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12founda waytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushes andfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthe vines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwine pressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation 15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesand materials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspoured throughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17 theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18 .TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand 19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20 withit’sownvintageandquality.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Egyptianwinehasanextensivehistory withinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1 tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare 2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3 theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknown isthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthe first6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasused extensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwinein Egypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintemple ceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sand other9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwere quitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10 viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11an exclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwith simplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12founda waytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushes andfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthe vines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwine pressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation 15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesand materials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspoured throughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17 theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18 .TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand 19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20 withit’sownvintageandquality.
Text3 HistoricallytheEuropeanUnionhas notbotheredwithfundingmuchbasicscientificresearch.Suchactivities havemainlyremainedthepreserveofnationalgovernmentsnotleastbecause givingscientistsfreereincanleadtodiscoveriesthatnotonlymakemoneybut ultimatelyenhancemilitarymight.Thatattitudeisnow changing.TheEuropeanCommissionproposestoestablishaEuropeanResearch CouncilERCthatwouldspendamaximumof12billion$14billionoverseven yearsonblueskiesresearch.Whiletheplansarebeinggenerallywelcomedby Europe’smemberstatestheirdetailsareproblematic.TheproposedERCis intendedtomakeEuropemorecompetitive.Europehassomefirst-class universitiesscientificinstitutionsandresearchorganisationsButtheERC’ sproponentsarguetheiractivitiesarefragmentedsotheyarenotreaching theirfullpotential.InAmericateamsfromacrossthecountry competewitheachotherforgrantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.The proposedERCismodelledonthisschemeItwouldawardgrantstoindividual researchteamsforaspecificprojectsolelyonthebasisofscientificmerit judgedbypeerreviewIftheERCwerecreatedscientistsfromacrossEurope wouldcompetewitheachotherforfundsratherthanmerelycompetingwiththeir fellowcountrymenashappensatpresent.Thiscompareswith thelimitedfundingforbasicresearchthatcurrentlyexistsintheEUwhich placesitsemphasisoncollaborationbetweenresearchers.Itisopenonlyto researchersinanarrowrangeofdisciplineschosenbytheEuropeanParliament andthecommission.TheERCwouldbequitedifferentplacingitsemphasison competitionbetweenresearchersandleavingscientiststhemselvestodecide whichareasofsciencetopursue.HelgaNowotnywhochairstheEuropean ResearchAdvisoryBoard--anadvisorybodytothecommission—saysthatwinninga grantfromtheERCcouldcometobeseenasunmistakablerecognitionofresearch excellence.ThequalityofEuropeanresearchneedstobestepped upanotch.Between1980and2003Europehad68Nobellaureatesinmedicine physicsandchemistrycomparedwith154inAmerica.WithcompetitionfromChina andIndiaEurope’ssharecouldfallfurther.Oneofthe reasonsforEurope’srelativelyweakperformanceisthoughttobealackof genuinecompetitionbetweenEurope’sresearchers.Anotherisitspoorability toattractyoungpeopleintoaresearchcareer.Recentestimatessuggestthat Europeneedsanextra700000researchersifitistomeetitsoveralltargetof raisingspendingprivatenationalandEUonresearchanddevelopmentto3%of GDPby2010.ManyyoungscientistsleaveEuropeforAmericaoncetheyhave finishedtheirtraining.DrNowotnysaystheERCcouldhelpheretoo.Itcould establishaschemetogiveyoungresearcherstheopportunitytofollowtheirown ideasandbecomeindependentatanearlierstageintheircareersencouraging talenttostayinEurope.Thecrucialissuenowiswhetherthe ERCwillbeabletosetitsownresearchagendafreefromtheinterferenceand bureaucracyofthecommissionandinfluenceofmemberstates.Lastmonth22 leadingEuropeanscientistschargedwithshapingtheERC’sscientificstrategy metforthefirsttimetostarthammeringoutacharterandconstitution. Seriousconcernsremainoverthelegalstructureofthebody. ThefinaldecisionontheERC’slegalformonadateyetunspecified restswiththeEuropeanParliamentandmemberstatesintheEuropeanCouncil.If botharegenuineintheirsupportfortheERCandEurope’saimofbecomingmore competitivethentheymustfindawayofkeepingtheERCfreefrompolitical interference.Europewouldbenefitfromacompetitionforitsbestresearchers whichrewardsscientificexcellence.Aquasi-competitionthatrecognizeshow manyvoteseachmemberstateisallottedwouldbe pointless.AccordingtoERCsupportersscientistsarenotreachingtheirfullpotentialbecause
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts. AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswers onANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Aboutthree-quartersofAmericans accordingtosurveysthinkthecountryisonthewrongtrack.Abouttwo-thirds ofthepublicdisapproveofthejobperformanceofPresidentBushandaneven highernumberdisdainCongress.Themediaareexcitedabouttheprospectofa wealthybusinessmanrunningforPresidentasanindependentwhocouldtapinto broadpublicdisgruntlementwiththepartisanpoliticiansin Washington.2007Yes.Butalso1992Themaindifference betweenthetwosituationsisthatMichaelBloombergisricher—andsaner—than RossPerot.Butonesimilaritymightbethis:theAmericanpeoplewerewrong thenandmaybewrongnow.Thewidespreadpessimismintheearly1990saboutthe courseofthecountryturnedouttobeunwarranted.Therestofthedecade featuredimpressiveeconomicgrowthafallingcrimeratesuccessfulreformof thewelfaresystemandareasonablypeacefulworld.Perhapstheproblemsweren’t sobadinthefirstplaceorperhapsthepoliticalsystemproducedpoliticians likeBillClintonRudyGiulianiandNewtGingrichwhowereabletodealwith theproblems.Butinanycasethecountrygotbackoncourse.That’snotto sayallwaswellinthe1990sespeciallyinforeignpolicy.Responsibilitiesin placesrangingfromBosniatoRwandatoAfghanistanwereshirkedandgathering dangersweren’tdealtwith.Stillthesourcomplaintsanddirepredictionsof 1992—ohmyGodthebudgetdeficitwilldousin!—werequicklyovertaken byevents.What’smorethefearofmanyconservativesthatwemightbeatthe mercyofunstoppableforcesofsocialdisintegrationturnedouttobewrong. Indeedthedirepredictionswererenderedobsoletesoquicklythatonewonders whetherwewerein1992reallyjustindulginginsomekindofpost-cold-war victory.Sometimesthepublicmoodis...wellmoody.Today we’remoodyagain.Weareobviouslyfightingadifficultanduntilrecently badlymanagedwarinIraqwhoseoutcomeisuncertain.Thisaccountsformuchof thepessimism.Italsodoesn’thelpthatthepoliticalsystemseemsincapableof dealingwithbigproblemslikeimmigrationanenergypolicyandhealthcare. Stillisthegeneralfeelingthateverythingisgoingtothedogsanymore justifiedtodaythanitwas15yearsagoNotreally.Thinkof itthisway:Haveeventsingeneralgonebetterorworsethanmostpeoplewould havepredictedonSept.1220017There’sbeennosuccessfulsecondattackhere intheU.S.—andverylimitedterroristsuccessesinEuropeoreveninthe MiddleEast.We’vehad51/2yearsofrobusteconomicgrowthlowunemployment andastock-marketrecovery.SocialindicatorsintheU.S.aremostly stableorimproving—abortionsteenagebirthsandteenagedrugusearedownand educationscoresareupabit.AsforAmericanforeignpolicy since9/11ithasnotproducedtheresultssomeofushopedforandthereare manylegitimatecriticismsoftheBushAdministration’sperformance.But infactdespitethegloomanddoomfromcriticsleftandrightincluding occasionallymetheworldseemstopresenttheusualmixedbagofdifficult problemsandhearteningdevelopments.Thekeyquestionof courseisthefateofIraq.Adecentoutcome—thedefeatofalQaedainwhatit hasmadethecentralfrontinthewaronterrorismandenoughsecuritysothere canbepeacefulrulebyarepresentativeregime—seemstomeachievableifwe don’tloseournervehereathome.WithsuccessinIraqprogresselsewherein theMiddleEastwillbeeasier.Thebalancesheetisuncertain.Butitisbyno meansnecessarilygrim.AccordingtotheauthorthepresentpessimismintheUSismainlydueto
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Egyptianwinehasanextensivehistory withinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1 tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare 2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3 theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknown isthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthe first6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasused extensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwinein Egypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintemple ceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sand other9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwere quitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10 viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11an exclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwith simplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12founda waytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushes andfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthe vines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwine pressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation 15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesand materials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspoured throughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17 theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18 .TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand 19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20 withit’sownvintageandquality.
Text3 HistoricallytheEuropeanUnionhas notbotheredwithfundingmuchbasicscientificresearch.Suchactivities havemainlyremainedthepreserveofnationalgovernmentsnotleastbecause givingscientistsfreereincanleadtodiscoveriesthatnotonlymakemoneybut ultimatelyenhancemilitarymight.Thatattitudeisnow changing.TheEuropeanCommissionproposestoestablishaEuropeanResearch CouncilERCthatwouldspendamaximumof12billion$14billionoverseven yearsonblueskiesresearch.Whiletheplansarebeinggenerallywelcomedby Europe’smemberstatestheirdetailsareproblematic.TheproposedERCis intendedtomakeEuropemorecompetitive.Europehassomefirst-class universitiesscientificinstitutionsandresearchorganisationsButtheERC’ sproponentsarguetheiractivitiesarefragmentedsotheyarenotreaching theirfullpotential.InAmericateamsfromacrossthecountry competewitheachotherforgrantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.The proposedERCismodelledonthisschemeItwouldawardgrantstoindividual researchteamsforaspecificprojectsolelyonthebasisofscientificmerit judgedbypeerreviewIftheERCwerecreatedscientistsfromacrossEurope wouldcompetewitheachotherforfundsratherthanmerelycompetingwiththeir fellowcountrymenashappensatpresent.Thiscompareswith thelimitedfundingforbasicresearchthatcurrentlyexistsintheEUwhich placesitsemphasisoncollaborationbetweenresearchers.Itisopenonlyto researchersinanarrowrangeofdisciplineschosenbytheEuropeanParliament andthecommission.TheERCwouldbequitedifferentplacingitsemphasison competitionbetweenresearchersandleavingscientiststhemselvestodecide whichareasofsciencetopursue.HelgaNowotnywhochairstheEuropean ResearchAdvisoryBoard--anadvisorybodytothecommission—saysthatwinninga grantfromtheERCcouldcometobeseenasunmistakablerecognitionofresearch excellence.ThequalityofEuropeanresearchneedstobestepped upanotch.Between1980and2003Europehad68Nobellaureatesinmedicine physicsandchemistrycomparedwith154inAmerica.WithcompetitionfromChina andIndiaEurope’ssharecouldfallfurther.Oneofthe reasonsforEurope’srelativelyweakperformanceisthoughttobealackof genuinecompetitionbetweenEurope’sresearchers.Anotherisitspoorability toattractyoungpeopleintoaresearchcareer.Recentestimatessuggestthat Europeneedsanextra700000researchersifitistomeetitsoveralltargetof raisingspendingprivatenationalandEUonresearchanddevelopmentto3%of GDPby2010.ManyyoungscientistsleaveEuropeforAmericaoncetheyhave finishedtheirtraining.DrNowotnysaystheERCcouldhelpheretoo.Itcould establishaschemetogiveyoungresearcherstheopportunitytofollowtheirown ideasandbecomeindependentatanearlierstageintheircareersencouraging talenttostayinEurope.Thecrucialissuenowiswhetherthe ERCwillbeabletosetitsownresearchagendafreefromtheinterferenceand bureaucracyofthecommissionandinfluenceofmemberstates.Lastmonth22 leadingEuropeanscientistschargedwithshapingtheERC’sscientificstrategy metforthefirsttimetostarthammeringoutacharterandconstitution. Seriousconcernsremainoverthelegalstructureofthebody. ThefinaldecisionontheERC’slegalformonadateyetunspecified restswiththeEuropeanParliamentandmemberstatesintheEuropeanCouncil.If botharegenuineintheirsupportfortheERCandEurope’saimofbecomingmore competitivethentheymustfindawayofkeepingtheERCfreefrompolitical interference.Europewouldbenefitfromacompetitionforitsbestresearchers whichrewardsscientificexcellence.Aquasi-competitionthatrecognizeshow manyvoteseachmemberstateisallottedwouldbe pointless.WhichofthefollowingcontributestotheweakperformanceofEurope
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Egyptianwinehasanextensivehistory withinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1 tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare 2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3 theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknown isthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthe first6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasused extensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwinein Egypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintemple ceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sand other9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwere quitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10 viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11an exclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwith simplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12founda waytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushes andfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthe vines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwine pressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation 15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesand materials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspoured throughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17 theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18 .TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand 19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20 withit’sownvintageandquality.
Text4 Inthedimlylitcyber-cafeat Sciences-Pohot-houseoftheFrenchelitenoGauloisesmokefillstheairno dog-earedcopiesofSartrelieonthetables.Frenchstudentsaredoingwhatall studentsdo:surfingthewebviaGoogle.NowPresidentJacquesChiracwantsto stopthisAmericanculturalinvasionbysettinguparivalFrenchsearch-engine. TheideawaspromptedbyGoogle’splantoputonlinemillionsoftextsfrom AmericanandBritishuniversitylibraries.IfEnglishbooksare threateningtoswampcyberspaceMrChiracwillnotstandidlyby. HeaskedhiscultureministerRenaudDonnedieudeVabresandJean-Noel JeanneneyheadofFrance’sBibliothèqueNationaletodothesameforFrench texts—andcreateahome-grownsearch-enginetobrowsethem.WhynotletGoogle dothejobItsFrenchversionisusedfor74%ofinternetsearchesinFrance. Theansweristhevulgarcriteriaitusestorankresults.Idonotbelieve wroteMrDonnedieudeVabresinLeMondethattheonlykeytoaccessour cultureshouldbetheautomaticrankingbypopularitywhichhasbeenbehind Google’ssuccess.ThisisnotthefirsttimeGooglehasmet Frenchresistance.Acourthasupheldarulingagainstitinalawsuitbrought bytwofirmsthatclaimeditsdisplayofrivalsponsoredlinksGoogle’schief sourceofrevenuesconstitutedtrademarkcounterfeiting.TheFrenchstatenews agencyAgenceFrance-PressehasalsofiledsuitagainstGoogleforcopyright infringement.Googlephobiaisspreading.MrJeanneneyhastalked oftheriskofcrushingdominationbyAmericaindefiningtheviewthatfuture generationshaveoftheworld.IhavenothinginparticularagainstGoogle hetoldL’Expressamagazine.Isimplynotethatthiscommercialcompanyis theexpressionoftheAmericansysteminwhichthelawofthemarketisking. Advertisingmuscleandconsumerdemandshouldnottriumphovergoodtasteand culturalsophistication.TheflawsintheFrenchplanare obvious.IfpopularitycannotarbitratewhatwillMrJeanneneywantsa committeeofexperts.Heappearstobeseriousthoughthesupplyof French-speakingexpertsorexpertsspeakinganylanguageforthatmatterwould seemtobeinsufficient.Andifadvertisingisnottopaywillthetaxpayer TheplanmirrorsanotherofMrChirac’spetprojects:aCNNàlafrancaise.Over ayearagostungbythepowerofEnglishspeakingtelevisionnewschannelsin theIraqwarMrChiracpromisedtosetupaFrenchrivalbytheendof2004. Theprojectisboggeddownbyinfighting.France’sdesireto combatEnglishonthewebortheairwavesisunderstandable.Protecting France’stonguefromitscitizens’inclinationtoadoptEnglishwordsisan ancienthobbyoftherulingelite.TheAcadémieFrancaisewassetupin1635to thatend.Linguistsdevisetranslationsofcyber-termssuchasarrosagespare orboguebug.LawslimittheuseofEnglishonTV—SuperNannyandStar Academyarecurrentpests—andimposetranslationsofEnglishslogansin advertising.TreatingtheinvasionofEnglishasamarketfailurethatmustbe correctedbythestatemaylookclumsy.InFranceitisjustbusinessas usual.Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheFrencheffortsseemstobe
热门题库
更多
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
行政法与行政诉讼法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号